Thixotropic phenomena in clay soils are accompanied by microstructural changes. The nature of these changes is unclear because of the short duration of the thixotropic processes and the difficulties involved in preparing a specimen at certain stages. However, these technological problems were overcome and SEM photographs were obtained of the thixotropic soil microstructure during deformation of samples in a rotary viscometer with and without vibration. The new data obtained clarify the mechanism of thixotropic phenomena. Soil microstructure was not ruptured by vibration during the shear process. On the contrary, it became more homogeneous over the entire volume and at the same time this induced a decrease in strengthin the system due to a reduction in cohesion at contacts. Disruption of some structural bonds is followed by their rapid restoration—the overall microstructure remaining intact. As a result, in all the samples studied the shear zone disappears. In kaolinite clay and coarser dispersed soils (silty clay, water saturated loess) the local areas of the structural framework (shear planes) become smoother and the orientation of the structural elements along the direction of shear disappears. After the cessation of vibration, the microstructure is rapidly restored to its initial state. Les phénomènes thixotropiques dans les sols argilacés sont accompagnts de changements microstructurels. La nature de ces changements n'est pas clair, à cause de la courte durée des phénombnes thixotropiques et des difficult de la préparation d'un échantillon a` de certaines étapes. Ces problémes technologiques ont été résolus et des images SEM ont été obtenues de la microstructure du sol thixotropique pendant la déformation des échantillons dans un viscométre rotatif avec et sans vibration. Les nouvelles données obtenues clarifient le mécanisme des phénoménes thixotropiques. La microstructure du sol n'a pas été rompue par la vibration pendant le cisaillement. Tout au contraire, elle est devenue plus homogéne sur le volume entier, tandis qu'en même temps ceci a causé une réduction de la résistance du systéme due à une diminution de la cohésion aux contacts. La rupture de quelques liens structurels est suivie de leur rétablissement rapide, tandis que la microstructure entiére reste intacte. Comme résultat, la zone de cisaillement disparaît dans tous les échantillons etudiés. Dans l'argile kaolinite et les sols dispersés plus grossiers (argile limoneuse, loess saturé d'eau) les zones locales du cadre structure1 (plans de cisaillement) deviennent plus lisses, et l'orientation des éléments structuraux le long de la direction de cisaillement disparait. Aprés que la vibration a cessé, la microstructure se rétablit rapidement dans son état initial.

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The article deals with the problem of the content of teaching professionally oriented oral communication within the intercultural aspect to pre-service English teachers. The author has analyzed oral communication as a combination of following components: professionally oriented monologue, professionally oriented dialogue and professionally oriented listening comprehension. Professionally oriented oral communication is considered to be a complete system of socio-psychological, educational and personal interaction of teachers with the participants of the educational process – with students, their parents, and colleagues. The article describes methods and types of intercultural interaction of teachers, outlines situations of intercultural communication. The content of teaching has been established and characterized in its two aspects – subject and procedural aspects. The components of the teaching content are determined on the example of two spheres, the texts are characterized as a component of the teaching content, and the correlation of the texts between the topics and communicative tasks during the teaching professionally oriented oral communication to pre-service English teachers is illustrated. Special attention is given to fiction and the possibility of its use in the training of pre-service teachers of English, the list of novels that can be used as a means for developing professionally oriented communication skills is given.

Outlines the history of the formation of layered geological formations at MSU. The features of independently established educational standards and curricula at the geological faculty of Moscow state University are considered. The difficulties encountered in the formation of the structure of educational standards, curriculum development and transition to the system of credits are analyzed. Questions of formation of structure of educational process in a magistracy on the basis of master's programs, instead of on profiles of preparation, as in a bachelor's degree are brought up.