Nanomaterials synthesized from carbon have piqued the interest of researchers because to their distinctive chemical and physical capabilities, which variety in thermodynamic, biomechanical, electrically, optic, and structural aspects. Carbon nanomaterials, comprising fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers have been intensively researched in biomedical applications due to their intrinsic features. This study presents the most recent research in the development of carbon-based nanomaterials for diverse biological applications including as biosensing, drug delivery, and cancer therapy.