No abstract

In settlements, safe places for birds nesting and feeding need to be created. The purpose of the work is to assess the state and identify vectors of the formation of nesting bird communities in parks under the pressure of anthropic load in the metropolis. In parks of Kyiv 62 species of birds nest. Such faunogenetic complexes like European nemoral (25.0–53.3%), Desert-mountain (12.0–27.8%) and Forest-steppe (6.9–25.0%) prevail. The number of community species in each of parks is 49–12, the average nesting density is 0.08±0.02–0.9±0.19 pairs / ha, and the dispersion is 0.12–1.62. With the combination of anthropic load on biotopes of more than 140 points with a small area of parks (2.0–16.5 ha), the species composition of communities decreases, and the average nesting density and density dispersion increase. Dominated by density: Parus major, Columba livia, Sturnus vulgaris, Turdus merula, Passer domesticus, Passer montanus, Fringilla coelebs, Columba palumbus, Apus apus, Ficedula albicollis, Erithacus rubecula, Turdus pilaris. All birds in communities are obligate synanthropes (12.9%; n=62) or hemisinanthropes. Obligate synanthropes are distributed in communities of 0-7 species. According to the gradient of increasing anthropic load on parks, logarithmic trends show a slight increase in the percentage share of obligate synanthropes in the species composition and in the number of breeding pairs. 47–70% nest on trees, 0–14.3% in shrubs, 0–13.0% on ground and in buildings. In parks, birds (16–38% of the species composition), in addition to using species-specific stations, nest in the cavities of buildings. Such species like Motacilla alba L., Sturnus vulgaris, Ficedula albicollis, Muscicapa striata Pallas, Erithacus rubecula, Parus major, Passer domesticus, Passer montanus nest in this way. Due to this nesting strategy, the need of the birds in hollows and the dependence on the woodpeckers in the community decreases. High parameters of the Shannon index (1.51–3.14) and Pielou index (0.61–0.95) were revealed, with low data of the Berger-Parker index (0.15–0.61). With an anthropic load of more than 160 points, there is a sharp decrease in species diversity, evenness of species, and increased dominance pressure. Cluster analysis showed the division of bird communities into similarity groups according to the area of the parks, the proximity of parks to the outskirts of the city and large forest tracts of the area and specifics of the anthropic load.

he local landscape Feofaniya is located on the outskirts of the Kyiv and represents communities of native oak wood with high density of ancient trees and hornbeam forest, steppe meadow, culture phytocenoses, cascade of ponds, stream. For the period 2012-2018 11 species of fish, 8 amphibians, 7 reptiles, 111 birds, 29 mammals were identified. Of these, 82.0 % of species are protected internationally, 8.9 % at the state level of the Ukraine, 12.6 % are regionally rare. In 81% of animal species, the reproductive site passes through the tract, and in half of them the whole life cycle. 19 % of the species composition of birds (Aves) are sedentary, 58 % arrive for nesting, 12 % for feeding, 9 % for wintering, 2 % for migratory (Regulus ignicapillus, Nucifraga caryocatactes). 82.8 % of mammals (Mammalia) are sedentary, 10.3 % are migratory (Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrellus pygmaeu, Nyctalus leisleri), 6.9 % with unexplained status (Neovison vison, Capreolus capreolus). The local landscape has 12 alien species. Carassius gibelio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix released into ponds with the purpose of stocking. Trachemys seripta elegans bring vacationers to the ponds. Pseudorasbora parva, Perccottus glenii, Streptopelia decaocto, Dendrocopos syriacus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Serinus serinus, Ondatra zibet, Pipistrellus kuhlii, Neovison vison penetrated the local landscape independently from neighboring biotopes. Thanks to biotechnical measures aimed at improving the living conditions of animals (protection of natural nests and the creation of artificial ones), hanging feeders in the winter, hanging shelters for daytime and wintering bats. The negative impact on the biotopes of Feofaniya from the side of recreants is somewhat leveled at the expense of educational work with vacationers. The most relevant propaganda work is aimed at educating correct behavior in nature, explaining the need to protect all plant and animal species, their biotopes, and explaining the consequences of disturbing the balance of sustainable development of ecosystems.

No abstract

Green areas of the city (remnants of the natural landscape, parks, squares, etc.) are a refuge for most diverse organisms, include insects too. Such places provide them with fodder and nesting resources under certain conditions. However, as a result of the sanitary measures of a care, the simplification of the vegetation, etc., these places become unattractive to biota, which leads to the reduction of the most common urbotolerant species of insects. In order to preserve and maintain populations of some insect species, artificial nesting structures are installed in the most attractive and safe areas. We studied the trap nest (a set of reed tubes) for insects, which was located on the territory of the botanical garden NUBIP of Ukraine. As a result of the study of 50 separate nests, the species composition of individual groups of the wild bees and wasps inhabiting such nests was described. Measurements of individual nests (diameter and length of the reed tube) were made and it was found that the population of the insects, in particular Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Apoidea, Megachilidae) and the wasps of the genus Trypoxylon Latreille, 1896 (Crabronidae) is almost 95 % with dominance of O. bicornis (78 %). It was determined that Osmia are not preferred to the nest with tubes of larger diameter or length, but the diameter and length of the reed tubes are positively correlated with the number of the bees larvae in the nest (the correlation coefficients are 0.44 and 0.48, p = 0.05, respectively). The wasps (Trypoxylon sp.) was preferred to the tubes with a diameter of mainly 0.5-0.7 cm (r = 0.56, p = 0.05). In addition, the composition of kleptoparasites, which lead to the death of the bee larvae, was studied. Thus, 20 % of Osmia nests were infected with flies Cacoxenus indagator Loew, 1858 (Diptera, Drosophilidae), and 10 % of the nests contained pollen mite Chaetodactylus osmiae (Dufour, 1839) (Arachnida, Sarcoptiformes).