Purpose: The vitreous body (CT), due to the complexity of its structure, remains one of the least studied anatomical structures to this day. In the literature there are attempts to describe the anatomy of the vitreous body, since the II century. The most relevant works are the studies of J. Worst et al. in 1973, in which the authors proposed new methods of CT preparation with the introduction of dyes. Despite many years of research on the structure and functions of the vitreous body and the presence of a large number of works, and there are no methods and protocols for macromicroscopic examination of the vitreous body to develop a method and propose a protocol for macromicroscopic examination of the vitreous body (VB), allowing to obtain new data on VB topographic anatomy.Materials and methods. The proposed method of macromicroscopic examination was used to study the VB topographic anatomy of 38 cadaver eyeballs. In order to color transparent structures of the vitreous, poorly soluble metallic salts (barium sulfate and copper acetate) were used. Macroscopic examination was performed using a Topcon OMS-800 operating microscope with a magnification of ×8 to ×21, microscopic changes were evaluated by light microscopy at ×50, ×100, ×200, ×400, ×630 multiple magnification with Leica DM LB2 microscope followed by photographic recording. The algorithm for macroscopic examination performing.Results and discussion. The result of macroscopic preparation was the compilation of individual anatomical and topographic maps of patients. A distinctive feature of the developed method is the ability to dissect any VB structure and to isolate each cortical layer with the possibility of studying its anatomical and topographic features and relationships with underlying tissues (internal limiting membrane, ciliary body, lens capsule). In addition, the method allows to maintain the shape and integrity of the specimens after passing through all stages of histological processing. In order to fixate VB samples, we used a method with fixing VB structures on a special adhesive-metric tablet, and placing them in a biopsy bag placed in a biopsy cassette. After that, filled in formalin, the specimens were delivered to the laboratory, where all the stages of standard processing took place.Conclusion. The developed technique of macromicroscopic examination of the vitreous allows to create an individual map of the VB topographic anatomy. After collecting of sufficient material and its statistical processing, it is possible to provide maps of the VB topographic anatomy in normal, age-related and pathological conditions.

Introduction. Vision plays a key role in the development of newborns and children. Early and severe visual impairment can affect motor skills, cognition, communication and social abilities. One of the main diagnostic indicators of the development of the eye in children is the central visual acuity.Purpose: To suggest an improvement of the visual acuity assessment system in children aged 2 to 5 years by introducing a fundamentally new eye chart intended to improve the accuracy and reliability of measurements.Materials and methods. The study included 40 children (80 eyes) aged 2 to 5 years, without previously diagnosed ocular pathology. Visual acuity test was performed using standard Orlova eye chart and a fundamentally new Just Evident Images / Jonnazarov Eldor Ihtiyorovich eye chart (abbreviated as JEI/JEI). The results obtained were later compared. The JEI/JEI chart consists of 13 color and black optotypes of various sizes, equal in width and height, that represent objects that are well-known and easily recognizable by children even at an early age: “Sun”, “Flower”, “Christmas Tree”, “House”, “Chicken”, “Child”, “Star”, “Horse”, “Bear”, “Car”, “Kitten”, “Ball”, “Hare”.Results. The results of vision acuity tests in 29 (72.5%) and 31 (77.5%) matched, and the effectiveness of both methods was evaluated as identical. In 11 cases (27.5%) of assessing VA in the right eye and 9 cases (22.5%) in the left eye, the results obtained differed, yet correlated directly: the difference between VA values obtained using JEI/JEI and Orlova eye charts amounted to 0.1–0.2.Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the prospects of using the JEI/JEI eye chart in clinical practice for vision acuity tests in young children. The suggested method simplifies the perception of the objects and increases the accuracy of assessing visual acuity in children due to the selection and geometry of optotypes.