Background Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease. Advances in surgical repair recently facilitate survival of the affected patients into adulthood with good quality of life. Despite imaging plays crucial role in diagnosis of TOF patients, no single diagnostic modality suffices for complete evaluation of TOF. Thus, different diagnostic tools should be used alone or in combination according to patient’s clinical question. This study aims to find out the agreement between the echocardiography and MDCT in evaluation of TOF patients prior to surgical repair. Results Three-step approach used in scanning TOF patients. Firstly, classic TOF findings, MDCT was comparable to echocardiography in overriding aorta (k = 0.6), VSD (k = 0.8), RVH (k = 0.4), and sub valvular pulmonary stenosis (k = 0.6). Echocardiography is superior to MDCT in evaluation of valvular stenosis (k = 0.4). MDCT was superior to echocardiography in supravalvular pulmonary stenosis. Secondary, surgical relevant findings, McGoon ratio calculated in 94.2%, small and major APCs in 45.5% and 28.5% respectively, PDA in 35% and anomalous coronary artery in 5.1%. Thirdly, other TOF-associated anomalies, common: ASD (34.3%) and RAA (28.3%), and persistent LSVC (10.3%). Uncommon: situs ambiguous (2.5 %), PAPVR (1.2%), and IVC anomalies (3.8%). MDCT was superior to echocardiography in surgical relevant findings and other TOF-associated anomalies. Conclusion MDCT is a crucial imaging tool for extra cardiac evaluation of TOF patients prior to surgical repair.

Studies on the natural enemies attacking the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella, Stainton were carried out in a neglected citrus orchard during two successive seasons 1996/97 and 1997/98 in Dakahlia Governorate.During the course of the study, no parasitoids on CLM eggs were recorded. Four parasitoid species of family Eulophidae were recorded on CLM immature stages (larvae, prepupae and pupae). They are two elachertin parasitoids namely, Cirrospilus pictus (Nees) (the most important primary ectoparasitoid) and C. quadristriatus (Subba Rao & Ramamani); an eulophin, Pnigalio sp. and the fourth one, Baryscapus sp. (the less important parasitoid). Chrysopa carnea, Steph. seems to be an important predator attacking CLM immature stages under field conditions.C. pictus and Pnigalio sp. populations showed three peaks annually. C. quadristriatus was recorded rarely with few numbers (during September). In the second year, it appeared regularly, the population showed two peaks of abundance.There are a good synchronization between the parasitoids (C. pictus and Pnigalio sp.) and its host populations. While, the synchronization was not good with C. quadristriatus.In respect to the sex ratio: the number of parasitoid females production outnumbered that of males. There are a negative response of female production of C. pictus and C. quadristriatus with the increase of temperature or relative humidity. While, daily relative humidity exhibited a significantly positive effect on Pnigalio sp. females production.The regression analysis indicated that the parasitization values of parasitoids showed a density dependent response to the increase of host density.