Isolated and combined degenerative tandem cervical and lumbar spinal stenoses:The paper presents detailed definitions, anatomical features and analytical data on the epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of isolated lumbar and cervical spinal stenoses and their combinations (tandem stenoses). Most widely used classifications of stenosing processes of the spine, modern X-ray imaging methods for diagnosis of spinal stenosis and approaches to surgical treatment are described. Key Words: spinal canal stenosis, isolated stenosis, tandem stenosis, degenerative diseases of the spine, diagnosis, surgical treatment.Please cite this paper as: Byvaltsev VA, Shepelev VV, Nikiforov SB, Kalinin АА. Isolated and combined degenerative tandem cervical and lumbar spinal stenoses: literature review. Hir. Pozvonoc. 2016;13(2):52-61.In Russian.

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Oxygen sources other than dedicated jet ventilator connectors to high-pressure pipeline oxygen may supply adequate working pressure, but each type of oxygen source needs testing to ensure that it supplies adequate working pressure.