Flash smelting furnace (FSF) technology by Outokumpu is one of the most widely employed methods for copper smelting. Developing an understanding of the impact of the process parameters on smelting operation through modelling is the key to improve the smelting efficiency. Though several numerical approaches for modelling the FSF have been reported, this paper focuses on a detailed approach of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling which overcomes the limitations of the earlier models by incorporating feed mineralogy and smelting reaction kinetics. The FSF based at Birla Copper, Dahej was modelled considering the reaction shaft and settler freeboard as the domain, where most of the gas-solid phase reactions occur. This model provides an exhaustive information on the FSF operation which aids in visualizing the phenomena occurring inside the furnace. A parametric study was done to validate and demonstrate the impact of various process parameters on smelting.

 Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) network is designed using a set of wireless sensor nodes connected together through a Base station. The sensor nodes capture the data about the surrounding environment and forward it to the base station (BS) along with the geotag and timestamp. For a better quality of service in a IoT network the intelligent routing becomes essential factor. The routing protocol must be energy efficient to prevent packet loss or packet drop, and early dying of certain nodes. Hence it also becomes necessary to balance the energy spending in the network by implementing optimal routing decisions derived from intelligent machine learning techniques. Many researchers have provided solutions for energy efficient routing in IoT network. However the solutions provided need to be enhanced or redesigned to address other challenges and issues in an IoT network. This paper proposes a link quality estimation mechanism when a node is considering it neighboring node as a parent node. Based upon the experiments conducted in this research by implementing the proposed routing protocol it is observed that the routing algorithm exhibits better performance with respect to the following performance metrics including average energy consumption, packet drop rate, overall network life time, and average end to end delay.