A new method is described for producing highly porous polyacrylamide matrices: polymerization in presence of a preformed hydrophilic polymer. If a standard mixture of monomers (e.g., 5%T, 4%C) is polymerized in presence of, e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) 10 kDa, lateral chain aggregation occurs, with formation of large pore sizes. In PEG 10 kDa, the transition from a small- to a large-pore gel is clearly apparent at 0.5% PEG addition and reaches a plateau already at 2.5% PEG. Even with shorter PEG fragments (6.2 and 1 kDa) this transition occurs, but with progressively larger amounts of PEG in solution (up to 25% for the 1 kDa species). Other polymers such as hydroxymethyl cellulose (1000 kDa) and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (360 kDa and 25 kDa) are also able to elicit this phenomenon. It appears that lateral chain aggregation (before the cross-linking event) is induced via intra-chain hydrogen bonding, since urea and temperature strongly inhibit it, whereas tetramethylurea (an agent quenching hydrophobic interactions) does not hamper it. By scanning electron microscope, it is found that the maximum pore size obtained in a 5%T, 4%C gel in presence of 2.5% PEG 10 kDA is of the order of 0.5 micron, whereas the same 5%T, 4%C control gel would have an average pore diameter of 5 nm. Thus, an increment of pore size of about 2 orders of magnitude is obtained: in these new matrices, a 21000 bp DNA fragment exhibits a much greater migration than in a control gel in which the sample is entrapped at the application site.

When the roots of 28 plant species were surface sterilized and incubated on agar medium, endophytic actinomycetes in the root cortex were observed by direct microscopic observation and pure culture techniques.

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