Fifty-five transgender youth described their gender development and expression, parents' reactions to their gender nonconformity, and initial and current mothers' and fathers' reactions to their transgender identity. All of the youth reported feeling different from others in early childhood. Forty-three of the participants' mothers and 26 of their fathers knew about their identities. The youth reported that 54% of their mothers and 63% of their fathers initially reacted negatively, and 50% of the mothers and 44% of their fathers reacted negatively at the time of the interviews, an average of 3 years later. The more gender nonconforming the youth, the more likely they reported that they were verbally and physically abused by their mothers and fathers. Implications of these findings for social service professionals are discussed.

A series of new 3-substituted indolin-2-ones containing a tetrahydroindole moiety was developed as specific inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases associated with VEGF-R, FGF-R, and PDGF-R growth factor receptors. These compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory properties toward VEGF-R2 (Flk-1/KDR), FGF-R1, PDGF-Rbeta, p60(c)()(-)()(Src)(), and EGF-R tyrosine kinases and their ability to inhibit growth factor-dependent cell proliferation. Structure-activity relationships of this new pharmacophore have been determined at the level of kinase inhibition. Compounds containing a propionic acid moiety at the C-3' position of the tetrahydroindole ring represented the most potent indolin-2-ones to inactivate the VEGF, FGF, and PDGF receptor kinases. The inhibitory activities of 9d against VEGF-R2 (Flk-1), 9h against FGF-R1, and 9b against PDGF-Rbeta were 4, 80, and 4 nM, respectively. However, all of these compounds were inactive when tested against the EGF-R tyrosine kinase. Compounds 9a and 9b represented the most potent inhibitors of these classes to inhibit both biochemical kinase and growth factor-dependent cell proliferation for these three targets. In addition, compound 9a was cocrystallized with the catalytic domain of FGF-R1 providing evidence to explain the structure-activity relationship results. This study has provided evidence to support the potential of these new tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of angiogenesis and other growth factor-related diseases including human cancers.

These PIF scores distributed similarly to novice students in other professions. Developmental-theory based PIF and moral reasoning measures are related. Students reflected on these measures in meaningful ways suggesting utility of measuring PIF scores in medical education.

Professional Identity Formation (PIF), the process of internalizing a profession's core values and beliefs, is an explicit goal of medical education. The Professional Identity Essay (PIE), a developmental measure of the extent to which individuals have a complex and self-defined understanding of their professional role, is a tool to both study and scaffold PIF. PIE staging has internal reliability and response process validity and correlates with a validated measure of moral reasoning. In this study, we investigate whether PIF, as measured by PIE, changes during preclerkship training.Medical students in the class of 2019 completed the PIE during orientation to medical school (PIE#1) and 15 months later, during orientation to clerkships (PIE#2), to the same prompts. These written responses are PIF-staged by an expert rater.On average, PIF scores reveal that 46% of the group remained at the same stage as they were on entry to medical school, 42% scored at a higher stage of PIF, and 15% of students scored at a lower stage of PIF after pre-clerkship training.This result suggests that medical students are heterogeneous with respect to the development of their medical PIF early in medical school training.

The synthesis and characterization of a series of bis(8quinolinato)aluminum ethyl complexes, substituted at the 2-, 5-, and 7positions on the 8-quinolinol ligand, are presented. These complexes are viable initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide in the presence of 1 equiv of isopropyl alcohol. The polymerization control is good, it shows a linear evolution of molecular weight as the polymerization progresses, the polylactide molecular weights are in close agreement with those determined on the basis of the reaction stoichiometry, and the polydispersity indices are narrow. The polymerization kinetics have been monitored, and the influence of the site of ligand substitution has been related to the rates. Some of the initiators show stereocontrol, producing PLA with a good probability of isotactic enchainment (P i = 0.76).