Increasing damage due to tropical cyclones over Andhra Pradesh, India, is attributable mainly to economic and demographic factors and not to any increase in frequency or intensity of cyclones.

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Here we illustrate a ground map approach that uses orthorectified CORONA KH4B images and declassified topographical maps to study historical land-use dynamics and to help planning archaeological survey in the monsoonal semi-arid alluvial plains of North Gujarat, India. In spite of its generalized use in archaeological applications, CORONA photographs have rarely been used in Indian archaeological contexts. The methods discuss a cost-effective and integrated protocol for: (i) obtaining ground control points (GCPs) and orthorectify CORONA photographs when very high-resolution imagery or detailed topographic maps are not available; and (ii) evaluating the integration of declassified datasets into Google Earth Pro for addressing archaeological surveys in remote areas. The merging of CORONA imagery with declassified USA and the former USSR historical military maps provided a picture of the human-environment interaction in North Gujarat of the past 40 years, prior to the intense development of mechanical agriculture and regional irrigation channels. We conclude by identifying the human and climate-induced taphonomical processes that are obliterating a fragile landscape characterized by archaeological scatters located in fossilized sand dunes.The land-use patterns that were earlier determined by the availability of surface water (stored in seasonal flooded interdunes or village ponds, in close relation

The correlation analysis suggests that the local alongshore WS off the SWCI and the remote forcing from the southern coast of Sri Lanka has greater influence on the observed interannual variability of upwelling in the LS when compared to the remote forcing from the equator.

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