Arteriography was carried out without mortality or morbidity in 93 selected bone lesions in the Radiology Department of Tadj Pahlavi Hospital in Teheran, Iran. Visualizing the vascular patterns made it possible, in most instances, to distinguish accurately between benign and malignant lesions. It was used to show the intramedullary extent as well as the extent of the tumor outside of the bone, an exact delimitation helpful in determining treatment. Knowledge of the vascular patterns was used in locating viable tumor tissue from which a biopsy could be taken. Arteriography also demonstrated the effect of irradiation therapy on a given malignant bone tumor. Used in conjunction with conventional radiographic procedures, arteriography can improve both the accuracy of diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment in bone neoplasms.

Purpose of review Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) exhibit, in contrast to other cancer types, a relatively low mutational burden. However, numerous epigenetic alterations have been shown to impact TGCT. In this review, we summarize the most relevant findings of the past 2 years. Recent findings Recent studies focused on the functions of microRNAs and the impact of aberrant DNA methylation. Moreover, several epigenetic drugs with antineoplastic effects in TGCTs were identified. Summary Aberrant DNA methylation and differentially expressed microRNAs have an important effect on TGCT pathogenesis. Moreover, differential DNA methylation patterns were found to be specific for different TGCT subtypes. Various microRNAs, such as miR-371a-3p, were found to be highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for TGCT. The epigenetic drugs guadecitabine, animacroxam, and JQ1 showed promising effects on TGCT in preclinical in-vivo and in-vitro studies.

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