No abstract

Maxillary sinus is the first paranasal sinuses to develop, which is pyramidal in shape and it completes developing around 20 years of age with the eruption of the maxillary third molars. Pneumatization of the maxillary sinus occurs with time. Tooth loss may lead to loss of bone density, atrophy of bone and further pneumatization of the maxillary sinus leading to insufficient quality and quantity of bone for placing implants. Despite lots of literature and research being done, there is no clarity in obtaining consensus regarding the techniques and materials used in maxillary sinus lift procedures. This article reviews the various techniques and bone graft materials used in maxillary sinus lift procedures. The techniques include lateral window approach, hydraulic sinus lift technique, Piezoelectric Surgery technique, Transcrestal Approach, Osteotome Technique, and Balloon elevation technique. It can be concluded that the balloon antral elevation technique and Hydraulic Sinus Lift technique are more efficient techniques for maxillary sinus lift procedures. These techniques are known to result inless perforations, less chair-side time, comparatively easier, and the need for elaborate instrumentation is minimized. It can also markedly increase the success rates of implants in contrast to the conventional techniques which pose greater risks to the patient, more soft tissue trauma, more chair-side time and can expose patients to infections.

Usage of Implants in dentistry is tremendously increasing in recent times. This has led to the invention of new biomaterials for dental implants by the researchers. Continuous evolution has occurred in the field of dental implant biomaterials in the last two decades leading to the emergence of innovative biomaterials. This article summarizes the different implant biomaterials and the recent advances in this field. The material science and they are various biological and physical properties affecting their treatment outcome are discussed. Throughout the years, myriads of dental materials have been tried for replacement of missing tooth. Now titanium remains the gold standard as a dental implant material. Over the recent period, many Implant biomaterials have evolved. It includes composites, glass-ceramics, metal alloys, ceramics, glasses, and polymers. Nanotechnology is an emerging application in the branch of implant dentistry. Nanotechnology can improve the properties of dental implants for achieving good osseointegration. It is imperative for dental practitioners to have a good idea about the various biomaterials used for dental implants.