The kidney is susceptible to reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular injury resulting in glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular cell apoptosis, and senescence, leading to renal failure, and is a significant cause of death worldwide. Oxidative stress-mediated inflammation is a key player in the pathophysiology of various renal injuries and diseases. Recently, flavonoids’ role in alleviating kidney diseases has been reported with an inverse correlation between dietary flavonoids and kidney injuries. Flavonoids are plant polyphenols possessing several health benefits and are distributed in plants from roots to leaves, flowers, and fruits. Dietary flavonoids have potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties and play essential roles in disease prevention. Flavonoids exert a nephroprotective effect by improving antioxidant status, ameliorating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and reducing oxidative stress, by acting as Nrf2 antioxidant response mediators. Moreover, flavonoids play essential roles in reducing chemical toxicity. Several studies have demonstrated the effects of flavonoids in reducing oxidative stress, preventing DNA damage, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting apoptosis-mediated cell death, thereby preventing or improving kidney injuries/diseases. This review covers the recent nephroprotective effects of flavonoids against oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in the kidney and their clinical advancements in renal therapy.

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Objective: In this era, the internet becomes a common source of health information worldwide. In this study, we understand the influence of the internet on health-seeking behavior among university students in Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during this study. A random sample of university students (n=300, mean=28.97 and SD= 4.580) participated in this survey. Results: This study had good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.8). In addition, eHealth is found to be associated with the Healthcare provider's degree program, semester and age, as well as they, are important in health information seeking behavior. Conclusion: This study supports that students' health seeking behavior using the internet is an important part of making a health decision.

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