Involving customers in the development of new products and services helps firms understand customer needs, increasing the likelihood of meeting those needs and expectations. Although a large body of literature addresses the implications of customer involvement for project performance, the results of previous research are somewhat inconsistent. This paper explores this issue by examining the differing impact of customer involvement on the development of new products and new services. We propose that the role of customer involvement differs for these two types of innovations, with involvement in the early stages more important for products and involvement in the launch stage more important for services. Our results, based on a comprehensive dataset on customer involvement in innovation, are consistent with such a pattern, suggesting that more attention should be paid to the conditional benefits of customer involvement in different types of solution development.
ÁgripÍ byrjun þessarar aldar tók lýðfraeðileg samsetning íbúa á Íslandi töluverðum breytingum með auknum fjölda innflytjenda, einkum frá Póllandi. Þessi breyting féll vel að uppsveiflu í efnahagslífinu á Íslandi, því til að maeta auknum þörfum um vinnuafl þurfti í vaxandi maeli að saekja starfskrafta erlendis frá. Að sama skapi opnuðust taekifaeri fyrir Pólverja að velja Ísland sem áfangastað, en vegna aukins frjálsraeðis stóðu þeir í vaxandi maeli í búferlaflutningum. Markmið þessarar rannsóknar er að öðlast innsýn í umfang pólskra innflytjenda á Íslandi og þaetti sem hafa áhrif á aðlögun þeirra að íslensku samfélagi og vinnumarkaði. Á grundvelli heimildarýni var sérstök áhersla lögð á að skoða ástaeður þess að innflytjendur yfirgefa heimaland sitt, heildaraðlögun þeirra og mikilvaegustu þaetti í aðlögunarferlinu. Í rannsókninni var annars vegar stuðst við opinber gagnasöfn um erlent vinnuafl á Íslandi og helstu löndum þar sem brottfluttir Pólverjar eru búsettir. Hins vegar var framkvaemd könnun meðal 405 pólskra starfsmanna á Íslandi árið 2010 og fengust 230 svör. Niðurstöðurnar sýndu að faerni í íslensku höfðu mest forspárgildi um menningaraðlögun pólskra innflytjenda og eini þátturinn sem sýndi marktaek áhrif á samskiptaaðlögun og mest áhrif á heildaraðlögun. Auk þess hafði áaetluð dvöl á Íslandi forspárgildi á starfsaðlögun, lífskjaraaðlögun og heildaraðlögun, en ekki á samskiptaaðlögun. Kyn hafði áhrif á starfaðlögun og lífskjaraaðlögun, en konur náðu betri árangri í báðum tilvikum. Loks höfðu mánaðarlaun forsagnargildi um starfsaðlögun. AbstractIn the beginning of this century, the demographic composition of Iceland's inhabitants changed to a significant extent as a result of growing immigration, especially from Poland. This trend was supportive of the economic upswing in Iceland which required manpower from abroad to meet an increasing demand for human resources and simultaneously opened up opportunities for people in Poland to select Iceland as their destination, many of whom had become increasingly mobile due to their new-found liberty. The aim of this research is to gain insight into the extent of Polish immigration to Iceland and identify factors which may impact the adaptation of those immigrants to Iceland and its labour market. Based on a review of the literature, particular emphasis was placed on examining immigrants' reasons for leaving their homeland, their overall adaptation and the main aspects of their adjustment process. The research is firstly based on official databases relating 1 Gunnar Óskarsson er lektor við Viðskiptafraeðideild Háskóla Íslands. Netfang: gunnaros@hi.is. Sabit Veselaj er nemandi í doktorsnámi í Viðskiptafraeðideild Háskóla Íslands. Netfang: sav4@hi.is.Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál, 16. árgangur, 1. tölublað, 2019 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál www.efnahagsmal.is 90 | Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál to manpower from abroad on the labour market in Iceland and other countries which hav...
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