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Abstract:In Japan, there are four methods of calculating water supply demands for office buildings based on SHASE-S 206 and two methods based on the design standard of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). However, these methods were found to produce overestimated values when applied to recent sanitary fixtures with advanced water saving features. To cope with this problem, Murakawa's Simulation for Water Consumption (MSWC), which utilizes the Monte Carlo method to calculate water usage dynamically has been developed. In this study, we evaluated the validity of MSWC on water consumption of an office building. Actual water consumption data were collected from a six story office building. Water consumption estimates calculated by the six conventional methods and MSWC were compared with the actual measurement values. Though the calculations based on the conventional methods significantly deviated from the actual measurement values, those made by MSWC closely resembled them.

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The number of commercial buildings in Japan is estimated over 10 million and these buildings are considered to emit large amounts of CO2. However, environmental load for commercial buildings has not been fully researched and those researches done in the past have focused on limited subjects or areas in Japan. This research aims to develop a nationwide database on CO2 emission and water usage of commercial buildings which can be used by researchers, policy makers and business people. This paper reports the outline of this database and the specific primary energy consumption, which was developed centrally by 33 universities. The data was collected through questionnaire surveys which was conducted between 2007 and 2009, and a total of 40,085 building data was collected, of which 27,902 were disclosed. The collected data was divided into 23 uses and primary energy consumption intensity for the disclosed database were calculated by areas, gloss floor area and year of completion. The number of commercial buildings in Japan is estimated over 10 million and these buildings are considered to emit large amounts of CO2. However, environmental load for commercial buildings has not been fully researched and those researches done in the past have focused on limited subjects or areas in Japan. This research aims to develop a nationwide database on CO2 emission and water usage of commercial buildings which can be used by researchers, policy makers and business people. KeywordsThis paper reports the outline of this database and the specific primary energy consumption, which was developed centrally by 33 universities. The data was collected through questionnaire surveys which was conducted between 2007 and 2009, and a total of 40,085 building data was collected, of which 27,902 were disclosed. The collected data was divided into 23 uses and primary energy consumption intensity for the disclosed database were calculated by areas, gloss floor area and year of completion.

Currently ， in China ， the condit 正 on of water shortage has becn frequently happened in city 、 The water demand in city is largely increas ¢ d and the water supply shor 【 age problem is coming out because ofthe remarkable economic deve且 opment ， the increase of populatien by urbanization and the 正 mprovement of living standard ． Then， the unbaiance problem between water supply and demand is becoming more serious ． Therefbre ， the purpose of this study is to clarify the actual situation of water usage and the water consumption in dwelling houses based on the questionnaire survey that was carried out in Suzhou ， China ． AcGording to the investigation ， the authors obtained the a じtual data that are consist of characteristics of household ， water − using faci ］ ities ， frequencies ef water usage ， consciousness fc)r water saving and liv 孟 ng envirenment ， etc ． Using the technique of multivariate analysis ， the authors ciarified the relations between factors ofwater usage and water consumption ， also clarified the mail factors having an infiuence on the level of consciousness ft)r water saving ， Where， the consciousness fbr water saving is depended mainly on the reuse perfommance of water in the bath tub． As the main factors affected the v 。 lume of 即 water cons ption ， regional difference ， quency of taking b舳 ， annual income of a family ， number of room in a house ， etc ． are mentioned ．