The livestock species economically enhance the quality of life of farmers and industries and reproduction is the only way to progress in the next generation. Kisspeptin (Kp) is a neuropeptide that acts on the reproductive system and is associated with reproductive disorders in mammalians. The different forms of Kp are present but only kp-14 are more prominent to use due to their short length. The Kp is act with the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) ligands and activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) to release GnRH and reproductive hormones. Even the Kp is a reproductive neuropeptide, it's limited to a few species to conduct the research and needs to perform more research on various species. The Kp may act powerful supplement in animal reproductive techniques and this review focuses on the livestock and pet animal reproductive system regulated by Kp.

Background: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) plays an essential role in oocyte maturation and during early embryonic development. The present study aims to improve the in vitro cattle embryo production by supplementing culture media with LIF. Methods: Fresh ovaries and oviducts were collected from an abattoir in 0.9% saline (30-35°C) supplemented with antibiotics. Total 542 cumulus-oocyte complexes were aspirated from ovaries and cultured in maturation media in 5% CO2 incubator at 38.5°C with maximum humidity after 5-6 times washing. After 24 h matured oocytes were co-incubated with in vitro capacitated sperms in FBO medium. After 15-18 h cumulus cells were stripped off and presumptive zygotes were cultured in mCR2aa medium. After 40 to 42 h, cleavage was observed and embryos were cultured for 7-9 days. Culture media used to replace with fresh media after every 24 h. LIF was supplemented with 15, 30, 45 ng/ml. Result: Supplementation of LIF in culture media increased maturation rate, cleavage rate significantly (P less than 0.05). LIF Supplementation @ 30 ng/ml during culture increased blastocyst development (in control group 7.0±1.3 and 7.1±1.2, 12.9±0.4, 10.2±1.5 in 15 ng/ml, 30 ng/ml and 45 ng/ml respectively) significantly.