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The field dependence of the magnetization was measured for sintered Bi2223 high Tc superconductor under a field amplitude of 5 T from 10 to 90 K. These data were analysed using our critical state model involving an equilibrium magnetization Meq and exponential decay of Jc. Some magnetic parameters including the equilibrium critical current density were determined for the intra-grain and inter-grain parts. The temperature dependences of the intra-grain and inter-grain Jc were also discussed. It was revealed that single vortex pinning was dominant in the intra-grain part, and flux creep caused by collective pinning was confirmed in the inter-grain part.

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Aim: As patients with cleft lip and/or palate grow older, the main decision-making process for treatment is likely to shift from a parent-centered to a patientcentered process. However, many adolescent patients have difficulty in treatment decision-making. This study aimed to clarify the decision-making process regarding undergoing surgery among adolescent patients with cleft lip and/or palate. Methods: Participants were adolescent patients with cleft lip and/or palate aged 14-18 years who were admitted to a hospital in Japan for surgery. Fourteen patients (six boys, eight girls) and their parents agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected in face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively with inductive content analysis. Results: Fifteen categories were classified into three themes for adolescent patients' decision-making processes regarding undergoing surgery. The three themes were: (a) a doctor's recommendation for surgery, (b) psychological conflict about surgery, and (c) a final decision about surgery. Conclusion: This study's findings suggest that adolescent patients with cleft lip and/or palate were not adequately involved in the decision-making process before undergoing surgery. Medical staff need to explain other treatment options, the risks and benefits of surgery with materials and methods that adolescent patients can understand as part of "a doctor's recommendation for surgery." Medical staff and parents need to encourage adolescent patients to communicate their preferences and values to reduce patients' "psychological conflict about surgery" and adolescent patients' intentions should be considered in "a final decision about surgery." K E Y W O R D S adolescent, cleft lip, cleft palate, decision-making, surgery 1 | INTRODUCTION Cleft lip and/or palate is a craniofacial anomaly and common birth defect, with an overall worldwide prevalence of 9.92 per 10,000 live births (International Perinatal Database of Typical Oral Clefts Working Group, 2011). Cleft lip and/or palate affects speech and language development, dental development, and facial appearance. Patients with cleft lip and/or palate usually undergo a combination of surgical interventions, speech therapy,