During follow-up of branch duct IPMNs, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas not infrequently developed distinct from IPMN. In the follow-up of IPMN, special attention should be paid to the development of ductal carcinoma of the pancreas.

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Dynamic sonography in a protocol combining pulse inversion harmonic imaging and an IV bolus injection of the contrast agent proved to be an effective tool in characterizing liver tumors.

Elastography for the pancreas can be performed by either ultrasound or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). There are two types of pancreatic elastographies based on different principles, which are strain elastography and shear wave elastography. The stiffness of tissue is estimated by measuring the grade of strain generated by external pressure in the former, whereas it is estimated by measuring propagation speed of shear wave, the transverse wave, generated by acoustic radiation impulse (ARFI) in the latter. Strain elastography is difficult to perform when the probe, the pancreas and the aorta are not located in line. Accordingly, a fine elastogram can be easily obtained in the pancreatic body but not in the pancreatic head and tail. In contrast, shear wave elastography can be easily performed in the entire pancreas because ARFI can be emitted to wherever desired. However, shear wave elastography cannot be performed by EUS to date. Recently, clinical guidelines for elastography specialized in the pancreas were published from Japanese Society of Medical Ultrasonics. The guidelines show us technical knacks of performing elastography for the pancreas. Core tip: Elastography for the pancreas had been considered to be difficult to perform with adequate accuracy and reproducibility because the pancreas is a small organ located deep in center of the human body. This review introduces the recent innovation of elastography for the pancreas, and makes recommendations on how to use various elastographic modalities for the pancreas. The review also shows us what we can know by performing elastography for the pancreas. Elastography may be a promising imaging modality for differential diagnosis between malignant and benign pancreatic tumors, for early diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, and for identifying high-risk patients for pancreatic cancer. TOPIC HIGHLIGHTKawada N, Tanaka S. Elastography for the pancreas: Current status and future perspective.

Main pancreatic duct dilatation (> or = 2.5 mm) and presence of a pancreatic cyst (> or = 5 mm) were both strong independent predictors of the subsequent development of pancreatic cancer. (c) RSNA, 2010.