Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) has damaged in great extent in different cultivated crops. Mainly it affects solanaceous crops. It feeds on the leaves of the crop and crops seems as it is fed by the animals. In later stage it damages whole plant causing rotting of plant. Commercial farmers are normally relying on chemical pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy is suggested as a best option of pest management. Using respective trap crop of major crops has been found most effective method as trap has multiple advantages for the small-scale farmers. Handpicking can be effectively used for the fourth and fifth instar of the larva.  This systematic review aims to collect the general biology of tobacco caterpillar and related species as well as various IPM measures of pest management. The details pest biology, ecology, host distribution and integrated pest management are reviewed systematically and presented in review section. Reviews were carried out citing different journal articles, books, conference proceedings, thesis, reports, books sections etc.   This review can be useful for the researchers, academicians and extension workers to develop an IPM protocol for the tobacco caterpillar.

The study was conducted to analyze the value chain of mandarin orange in Jajarkot district with the objective of drawing value chain map, defining linkage and value governance and finding major constraints. Total 82 respondents were interviewed by a semi-structured questionnaire including 60 farmers, 5 retailers, 5 collectors, 10 consumers, and 2 processors. EXCEL 2019 and SPSS 20 were used to enter and analyze data. Grading and sorting were major value-adding activities while processing was done at the retailer level in end markets. Grading fetched 4.188% and 3.94% more profit in contractor and consumer level respectively. The Most dominating channel was farmer-local consumer (46%) where farmers sold produce to Jajarkot fair. The Average price at farmgate, retailer, collector and contractor were 39.08/kg, 61.2/kg, 46.75/kg, and 49.75/kg respectively. Productivity of mandarin was found 8.54 mt/ha and B/C ratio was found 2.56. Margin in farmer-collector-retailer-consumer channel was 29.25 and in farmer-retailer-consumer channel was 23.08. Producer share was found highest in channel 5 (60.13%) and market efficiency was found higher in channel 3 (4.88%). Similarly, price spread in channels 3,4 and 5 were 34.33%, 64.19%, and 66.75% respectively. Vertical Integration included farmer and nurseries in backward linkage and farmer and farmer collector in the forward linkage. High transport cost was the reason for the high price of mandarin. Overall, the trade of mandarin in Jajarkot was found buyer-driven. Major problems related to marketing were poor storage (0.877) and processing facilities (0.833). The study revealed that mandarin production is profitable and potential in Jajarkot.

To know the level of adoption of different technologies in mandarin orange, survey was conducted on April 2019 in Jajarkot district. Survey was done with 70 farmers of Nalgad municipality, Bheri municipality and Kushe rural municipal. Focus group discussion and Key Informant Survey was done with progressive farmers and JTs. The study revealed that majority of high adopters are male (66.10%) and had education level of primary and secondary. Farmers with highest number of bearing trees had highest rate of adaptation. Overall increase in adaptation over two years was 29.55%. Most adapted technology was use of bordopaste (84%) and least adopted technology was sprinkler irrigation. Main reason for increase in adoption was subsidy. There was increase in production by 52% due to increase in adoption level. Major constraint for adoption was poor access to market followed by less technical knowhow. So, it is recommended to provide appropriate market for farmers to improve the adaptation level in mandarin orange production.