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AbstrakPenderita sindrom Down (SD) sering mengalami gangguan sistem imun, yangmenyebabkan kerentanan terhadap infeksi, tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian.Polimorfisme gen TNF-α -308G>A berkaitan dengan peningkatan kerentanan terhadap infeksi.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui polimorfisme gen TNF-α -308G>A pada penderitaSD di Semarang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, dengan jumlah sampel 68orang (34 penderita SD dan 34 kontrol) yang ada di laboratorium CEBIOR. Pemeriksaanpolimorfisme gen ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode PCR-RFLP dan enzim retriksiNcoI serta dielektroporesis pada gel agarose 2%. Polimorfisme gen TNF-α -308G>A padapenderita SD didapatkan 4,4%, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol 2,9%. Polimorfisme genTNF-α -308G>A pada penderita SD ditemukan di daerah ini lebih rendah dibandingkan dengantempat lain. Kemungkinan adanya perbedaan etnik mempengaruhi kejadian polimorfisme genTNF-α pada populasi di Indonesia dibandingkan dengan populasi di Caucasia.AbstractPeople with Down syndrome (DS) often have impaired immune system, which causessusceptibility to infection, morbidity and mortality. TNF-α -308G>A polymorphism was foundto be associated with the increase of susceptibility to infection. The aim of this research is todetermine the distribution and allele frequency of TNF-α -308G>A polymorphism among DSpatients in Semarang. This is a descriptive research with 68 subjects (34 DS patients and 34control groups) in the CEBIOR laboratory. The polymorphisms of genes were examined usingPCR-RFLP, NcoI restriction enzyme, and electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel. Polymorphismof TNF-α -308G>A was found 4,4% on the DS groups and 2,9% on the control group.Polymorphisms in gene TNF-α -308G>A found in DS was lower in this area compared toother area. The difference in the ethnic background might be a well plausible explanation forthe differentiation between polymorphisms on TNF-α in Indonesian population compared toCaucasian population.

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Introduction: Early marriage is a major problem in the process of child rearing. Improper parenting patterns can hinder the growth and development of children. This study aims to analyze the relationship and factors that influence the parenting style of parents who marry early on the development of children aged 1 to 5 years in the Tulungagung district. Material and Methods: Research using cross-sectional analitic observation, a sample of 203 respondents who were married under 19 years of age in 2017-2021 and had children aged 1-5 years using a questionnaire and Denver II. Statistical analysis calculation using chi-square and path analysis. Results: The chi-square test results showed a significant relationship between the parenting style of parents who early marriage and the development of children aged 1-5 years (p<0.05). Path analysis showed that there is an influence of the parenting style of parents who early marriage on the development of children through education and number of children (p<0.05). while in terms of occupation, income, and family support, there is no influence of the parenting style of parents who early marriage on the development of children (p>0.05). Conclusion: Parents who marry early tend to adopt an authoritarian parenting style, which can lead to poor child development. Authoritarian parenting styles have low levels of democracy and parental affection. High achievement demands on children are not matched by parental love so that it makes children feel depressed.