Summary Uncertainty in microgrid causes degradation in load supporting and stability of the system. The origin of uncertainty may be from renewable distributed generators (DGs), market price, load demand, and other issues. To compensate for this problem, energy storage system (ESS) and demand response (DR) program are applied in microgrid energy management process. ESS is used as a reserve energy and DR is defined as cooperation of users on demand side of microgrid. DR is done in two forms: one is based on load reduction of users due to the price tariffs called price‐based DR and the second is DR based on incentive payment to customers for load reduction especially in peak times named as incentive‐based DR. In this article, price‐based DR and three types of load as industrial, commercial and house load are considered with three DR features to cooperate in energy management. Moreover, the uncertainty of renewable DGs, market price and load demand are modeled and estimated by point estimation method (PEM). Simulation results are performed in three scenarios including initial battery charge and the possibility of being off‐state of some DGs in stochastic medium with and without DR program and the results are compared in these scenarios. The effect of DR on microgrid cost is investigated using these scenarios where the influence of DR on the total cost reduction is observable in the studied microgrid.

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In this paper, a 4-channel demultiplexer for WDM systems is designed by using 2-dimensional photonic crystals with square structure. Various wavelengths can be conducted in the certain paths of crystals using defects that look like ring resonator. The characteristic of this demultiplexer can be analyzed by obtaining the pass band spectrum. The property of this designation relative to previous works can be stated as size reduction, minimum crosstalk in output channels, minimum distance (about nm) for distinct wavelengths in output bands and bandwidth increasing in consequence. These improvements have been verified by simulation results.