Background: The study shows the effect of hyperglycemia on RBCs in terms of morphological changes and their chromic status in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A total of 100 pregnant women were enrolled from Maternity and Children Hospital, Qassim, Saudi Arabia including 40 women with confirmed GDM (group-1), 30 women with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (group-2) and 30 women with normal pregnancy without GDM or pre-gestational diabetes (control group-3). Demographic, anthropometric, medical and biochemical data were obtained from the study subjects. Complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral smears were performed from routine blood samples. Red blood cells (RBCs) morphological analysis was carried out by a hematologist and deviations in size, shape, and staining properties of the RBCs were recorded. Results: The groups were similar in demographic characteristics (P > 0.05). RBCs showed normocytic and normochromic features in 83.3% patients of group-3 as compared to 57.5% in group-1, 30% in group-2, respectively. Microcytic hypochromic cells and anisocytosis were mostly encountered in group-2 in 53.3% and 93.3% patients respectively (P = 0.000). Forty percent of RBCs in goup-1 showed microcytic and hypochromic characteristics as compared to group-3 (P = 0.015). Additionally, 42.5% group-1 patients had anisocytosis as compared to group-3 (P = 0.003). Poikilocytosis, target cells and macrocytes were mostly observed in group-2. Conclusions: Persistent hyperglycemia changes shape, size and hemoglobin contents of RBCs which are associated with the hyperglycemic status and exposure time.

Background: Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disorder which is found in about5% of women and in 30% of infertile women. Identification of risk factors and timely interventionis useful. Methods: A case control study was conducted in the Dept. of obs & gynae of BangabandhuSheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, from October 2015 to March 2016 on50 infertile patients attending the Infertility unit of the institute with the objective to determinethe risk factors of endometriosis. Twenty five women with endometriosis was taken ascases (group-I) and twenty five women without endometriosis was taken as controls(group-II). Result: The mean age was 32.8±5.4 years in group I and 35.1±5.7 years in group II which issimilar. Urban residents were 3.21 times (with 95% CI 0.87-12.71%) more likely to developendometriosis than rural resident which was statistically significant (p<0.05).Among the study population BMI of 72% patients in group I and 68% in group II were within19-24 kg/m2. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05) . There was notstatistically significant difference (p>0.05) between two groups in OCP use (84%vs80%).Women with endometriosis had less physical activity than the women without endometriosis;the differences was statistically significant (p<0.05). Consumption of caffeine, red meat,vegetables and fruits has no effect on endometriosis. Women with pain during menstruationwere 29.33 times (with 95% CI 5.17-100%) and women with heavy amount of blood flow were5.09 times (with 95% CI 1.24-22.06%) more likely to be endometriosis, which was statisticallysignificant (p<0.05) . Other risk factors like- age, occupation, educational status, age atmenarche and cycle length were not significantly (p>0.05) associated with endometriosis. Conclusion: Urban residence and all types of physical activities d”1 hour per day weresignificantly higher in infertile women with endometriosis. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2018; Vol. 33(2) : 131-139

Hormonal treatment of cows at the coastal region of Barisal district of Bangladesh was performed to assess the improvement of pregnancy rate. A total of 100 cows and heifers with irregular history of cyclicity were selected randomly and divided into five treatment groups. The groups were A (treated with anthelmintic), B (treated with anthelmintic, vitamin ADE and multivitamin powder), C (treated with PGF2α), D (treated with GnRH) and E (treated with GnRH and PGF2α). Each group comprised of 20 animals. The age, breed and parity of experimental cows were considered during treatment. In the study, the cows treated with both GnRH and PGF2α (group E) showed significantly (p<0.05) higher estrus (80%) and pregnancy rate (60%) than that of group A, B, C and D. The overall estrus rates of local and crossbred cows were 64% and 70%, respectively and the pregnancy rates were 40 and 52%, respectively. The crossbred cows responded significantly (p<0.05) to hormonal treatment than that of local cows. Parity-2 cows showed higher estrus sign than that of other parities. However, the pregnancy rates were higher significantly (p<0.05) in parity-2 and parity ≥4 cows than that of parity-0, parity-1 and parity-3 cows. The pregnancy rate was also found higher in case of 4 to <5 years old cows than that of 2 to <3, 3 to <4, 5 to <6, and ≥6 years old. It may conclude that the hormonal regimen increases the pregnancy rate as well as decreases the undesired waiting of estrus and conception. Further study with more sample size will reveal the more effective treatment for cows at the coastal areas of Bangladesh.

Pyogenic granuloma is one of the inflammatory hyperplasia seen in the oral cavity. This term is a misnomer because the lesion is unrelated to infection and in reality arises in response to various stimuli such as low- grade local irritation, traumatic injury or hormonal factors. Clinically, oral pyogenic granuloma is a smooth or lobulated exophytic lesion manifesting as small, red erythematous papules on a pedunculated or sometimes sessile base, which is usually hemorrhagic. The surface ranges from pink to red to purple, depending on the age of the lesion. Because of the high frequency of pyogenic granuloma in the oral cavity, especially during pregnancy, and necessity for proper diagnosis and treatment, a complete information and investigations about this lesion, in addition its treatment is presented. The study emphasizes the clinical follow-up after the treatment of patients that present pyogenic granuloma. Follow-up over 19 months of surgical procedures demonstrated the maintenance of a periodontal health decreases the chances of recurrence.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2015; 5 (1): 26-29

BACKGROUND: Inguinal Hernia is a global issue, adults with developed posterior wall of inguinalcanal needs an effective, safe, and cost effective tension free repair.OBJECTIVE: To know about the effectiveness of poly propylene darn in inguinal hernia, in terms ofdelayed recurrence.METHODS: It is a descriptive study which was conducted in Saidu Group of Teaching Hospitals;Saidu Sharif Swat From January 1999 to May 2013. Total of 386 patients collected by non probabilityconvenient sampling technique, and 390 repairs (4-patient with bilateral inguinal hernia repair) wereincluded in the study. 180 were indirect, out of these 15 were strangulated, while 210 were of directverity. 90 repairs were made under local anesthetic block, 300 were operated under general anesthesia.Our last case of the series was operated in May 2004. All the patients were discharged on either 1st or 2ndpostoperative day. 3 patients (0.76%) were readmitted for wound infection and were discharged on 8thpostoperative day. Patients were subsequently examined on day 7th and 14lh post operative day for earlycomplications and then on 6th month and yearly for 9 years, for delayed recurrence. Data were collectedon structured proforma and were analyzed on SPSS.RESULTS: Ages ranged in our study were from 20-80 years (mean of 50 years). 180 patients hadindirect hernia (46.15%), while 210 were of direct verity. Among 390 repairs 15 patients (3.8%)developed superficial wound infection, 5 patients (0.8%) established deep wound infection. 3 patients(0.76%) developed scrotal hematoma, only one case (0.25%) was re explored. 20 patients (5.18%) wentinto urinary retention and were catheterized for 24 hours. 2 patients (0.5%) developed early recurrencewith in the first year. 1 patient (0.25%) presented with hydrocele. 2 patients (0.51%) complained ofneuralgia at groin.During the long follow up for delayed recurrence we lost 58 patients (died, went abroad and some werenot willing for this follow up)among the remaining 328 patients 7 patients developed delayed recurrence2 were bilateral(2.4%). They were re operated and this time meshplasty with poly propylene meshcarried out.CONCLUSION: We concluded that Dam repair with polypropylene is safe and cost-effective, even interms of delayed recurrence of inguinal hernia, and recommend it for primary hernia repair.Key Words: Inguinal hernia, Polypropylene Dam, Delayed Recurrence.