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Medicinal plants are vital sources of modern and traditional Chinese medicines. Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) consist of a large group of plant secondary metabolites and belong to C15 terpenoid group. SLs have shown various biological activities including antitumor and anti‐inflammatory activities. Santamarine (STM), C15H20O3, is a kind of sesquiterpene lactone, whose molecular weight is 248.322 g/mol. Santamarine has been isolated from several plants species and has shown eminent biological activities, such as anticancer activity and anti‐inflammatory activity. In this mini‐review, we summarize the studies on the effects and the mechanisms of STM, and explore the avenues of application.

Introduction: Every year, millions of children die from preventable causes worldwide. According to World Health Organization, injuries are the leading cause of disability and death among all age groups below 60 years.Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the global research outcomes and trends, and some key bibliometric indicators in pediatric trauma.Methods: A descriptive bibliometric analysis study was designed. On June 14, 2021, an electronic search was performed in the Web of Science Core Collection database using the potential searching keywords “Pediatric AND Trauma” in the title field without any limitations. The search was performed using the Boolean search query method. The data were downloaded in plaintext and comma-separated values format. The required graphs were generated using OriginPro 2018. Furthermore, the data were transferred to HistCite™ software for bibliometric analysis. In addition, the obtained data were plotted for network visualization mapping using VOSviewer software version 1.6.15 for windows.Results: A total of 2,269 documents were included in the final analysis. The included documents were authored by 7,894 authors and published in 395 research and academic journals, mainly in the English language (n = 2,222). The main document types were articles (n = 1,276, citations = 18,244), and meeting abstracts (n = 331, citations = 19). Pediatric (n = 2,269) and trauma (n = 2,257) were the most widely used keywords. The most productive year was 2019 (n = 184, citations = 527). The most prolific author was Upperman JS (n = 29, citations = 202). The most attractive journals in pediatric trauma research were The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (n = 290, citations = 5,199) and the Journal of Pediatric Surgery (n = 256, citations = 5,088). The most active institute was the University of California System (n = 110). The most dominant country was the United States of America (USA) (n = 1,620, citations = 22,983). The USA and Canada had the highest total link strength, 103 and 70, respectively.Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive overview of research output in pediatric trauma. The USA continues to dominate scientific research and funding in pediatric trauma. Findings of the current study will help the researchers and clinicians to understand the recent achievements and research frontiers. Collaborative research initiative needs to be established between institutions in developed and developing countries and among researchers.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important public health concern and a significant cause of enterically-transmitted viral hepatitis infections. HEV infection remains a serious threat to life, especially in immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. Globally, vaccines have had a massive impact on public health and saved millions of lives. Vaccination can reduce the healthcare expenditure, decrease the mortality rate, and increase life expectancy. The availability of commercially effective vaccines is the most effective means for the prevention of HEV. However, the development of classic inactive or attenuated HEV vaccines is not feasible due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system for HEV. In recent years, recombinant HEV vaccine approaches have been explored. Many vaccine candidates have showed potential efficacy against HEV infection. Currently, the only licensed vaccine is Hecolin ® , a recombinant vaccine developed by Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd. It is available in China. However, there are many hindrances when it comes to the acrossthe-board application of Hecolin ® and other vaccines worldwide. Large-scale efforts are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of Hecolin ® in at-risk populations and to pass the World Health Organization prequalification for licensing outside of China.

Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer and accounts for most of the skin cancer-related deaths. The efficacy of current therapies for melanoma remains to be improved. The isopropanolamine derivative of β-elemene LXX-8250 was reported to present better water solubility and stronger toxicity to tumor cells than β-elemene. Herein, LXX-8250 treatment showed 4-5-fold more toxicity to melanoma cells than the well-known anti-melanoma drug, Dacarbazine. LXX-8250 treatment induced apoptosis remarkably, which was caused by the impairment of autophagic flux. To clarify the molecular mechanism, microarray analyses were conducted, and PFKFB4 expression was found to be suppressed by LXX-8250 treatment. The cells overexpressed with PFKFB4 exhibited resistance to apoptosis induction and autophagic flux inhibition by LXX-8250 treatment. Moreover, LXX-8250 treatment suppressed glycolysis, to which the cells overexpressed with PFKFB4 were tolerant. LXX-8250 treatment inhibited the growth of melanoma xenografts and suppressed PFKFB4 expression and glycolysis in vivo. Taken together, LXX-8250 treatment induced apoptosis through inhibiting autophagic flux and glycolysis in melanoma cells, which was mediated by suppression of PFKFB4 expression. The study provides a novel strategy to melanoma treatment.