No abstract

The Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 seems to produce neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases of multifactorial origin. There is still debate about the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 compared with second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia. Our aim is to assess the efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract E.S. in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type in slowing down the disease's degenerative progression and the patients' cognitive impairment compared with donepezil and placebo. The trial was designed as a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Patients aged 50-80 years, suffering from mild to moderate dementia, were allocated into one of the three treatments: Ginkgo biloba (160 mg daily dose), donepezil (5 mg daily dose), or placebo group. The degree of severity of dementia was assessed by the Syndrom Kurz test and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Clinical Global Impression score was recorded to assess the change in the patients' conditions and the therapeutic efficacy of tested medications. Our results confirm the clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba E.S. (Flavogin) in the dementia of the Alzheimer type, comparable with donepezil clinical efficacy. There are few published trials that have directly compared a cholinesterase inhibitor with Ginkgo for dementia. This study directly compares a cholinesterase inhibitor with Ginkgo biloba for dementia of the Alzheimer type and could be a valid contribution in this debate. Our study suggests that there is no evidence of relevant differences in the efficacy of EGb 761 and donepezil in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia, so the use of both substances can be justified. In addition, this study contributes to establish the efficacy and tolerability of the Ginkgo biloba special extract E.S. in the dementia of the Alzheimer type with special respect to moderately severe stages.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disorder characterized by a decreased regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). It is most likely that a reduction in CBF could displace a pathway leading to AD genesis, in so far neuron death explains a sustained reduction in the supply of oxygen, glucose, and nutrients. Nevertheless, the concept of secondary CBF deficiency cannot explain the critical stages of early memory loss while, on the other hand, the picture of progressive ischemia due to primary CBF decline sheds light on the course of AD in a most persuasive manner. The concept of primary CBF deficiency is even more strengthened by the lack of correlation between degree of dementia and amount of CBF. Vascular abnormalities, frequently observed to co-occur with AD, might play a critical role in the initiation and aggravation of AD pathology given that the elimination of amyloid-β (Aβ) through a vascular route is an important brain Aβ clearance mechanism and its failure leads to formation of vascular amyloidosis and dense-core plaques. The goal of this review is to provide scientists comprehensive knowledge of the state-of the art influence vascular damage and reduced perfusion have on the final development of AD and to hopefully stimulate more research in this area of neuroscience.

The most common of the heterogeneous group of the extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs) is the inv dup(15), whose presence results in tetrasomy 15p and partial tetrasomy 15q. Inv dup(15), containing the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome (PWS/AS) region, are constantly associated with phenotypic abnormalities and mental retardation. We report on four additional patients with inv dup(15), whose behavioral pattern, and neurologic and physical findings further delineate the phenotype of this neurogenetic syndrome. We also provide FISH analyses on chromosomes of the observed ESACs and discuss the role of a number of genes located within the tetrasomic region.

We assessed the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and correlated it with the physician's measurements of MG. Patients with MG were evaluated by means of (1) self-administered questionnaires, (2) clinical examination, (3) Osserman classification, (4) anti-AChR antibody, and (5) neurophysiology. Relationships between patient-oriented assessment and conventional clinical-neurophysiological and serological findings were evaluated. A total of 46 patients, inpatients and outpatients (mean age 50.7 years, range 11-77 years, 17 males, 29 females) with MG diagnosis were studied. The Osserman scale and clinical examination findings were significantly related to the physical aspects of HRQoL. Mental aspects of the quality of life were not progressively involved as muscle deficit progressed, but even in a mild clinical picture, the mental aspects were deteriorated. Patient-oriented measures proved that the patient's quality of life was impaired especially with regard to physical aspects. Our data demonstrated that clinical measurements are related to the HRQoL. The results may be useful in developing a disease-specific patient-oriented tool.