<p>Garlic has a high price in the market, however, production of garlic has its limitations. The use of chemical fertilizers has shortcomings in terms of environmental sustainability, so need for organic fertilizer which serves to reduce the negative impact. The study aims to determine interactive between kinds of mycorrhizal and organic fertilizer to garlic, get the appropriate mycorrhizal and to get the Suistainablekind of fertilizer to increase of the garlic yield. The experiment was conducted from January 2013 to August 2013. Research using CRD (completely randomized design) with 2 factors of organic fertilizer (chicken manure, cow manure, goat manure, manure and vermicompost compost) and mycorrhizal types (Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora sp, Glomus etunicatum). The results showed mycorrhizal mycorrhizal types Gigaspora margarita is suitable and capable of enhancing the growth of garlic, application of organic fertilizers used have not been able to increase the growth and yield of garlic. Applications of various types of mycorrhiza and organic fertilizers have not been able to increase the growth of garlic.</p>

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Abstract:Rice is the source of important food in the world. The demand of rice tends to increase every year, thus research to increase genetic variation of rice by gamma irradiation has been conducted. This research aimed to study the influence of gamma irradiation doses on the vegetative growth, yield and quality. The randomized completely block design was used with two factors -gamma irradiation doses and varieties. Two rice varieties were Ciherang and Cempo Ireng, while doses of gamma irradiation consisted of six levels: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy. The results indicated that the treatment of 200 Gy gamma irradiation to Ciherang could improve the number of grains/panicle, protein content, degraded plant height and amylose contents. Gamma irradiation to Cempo Ireng at dose of 200 Gy could improve the number of grains/panicle, 1,000 grain weight, while it decreased days to 50% heading and plant harvest age.

<p>The research was conducted from May to November 2011 at Central Java (Karanganyar District) and East Java (ngawi district) dry land. The research was used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and with two treatments, were: sweet sorghum varieties (Numbu dan Kawali) and the kind of manure (chicken, goat, cow, kascing and without manure). The data was analyzed with randomize analisys and Duncan test. The research showed that (a) Numbu and Kawali varieties were gave same respons to growth and yield component variables, so the both varieties can be planting at Central Java (Karanganyar District) and East Java (Ngawi District) dry land; (b) Chicken manure gave the best effect to sweet sorghum growth and yield compared with control, cow, goat, and kascing manure, consist of: plant height, leaf number, root length, root volume, 1000 seed weight, stem diameter, biomass fresh weight, and biomass dry weight, juice content, and sugar content.</p>

Abstract. Hartati S, Samanhudi, Manurung IR, Cahyono O. 2021. Morphological characteristics of Phaius spp. orchids from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1991-1995. Orchid is one of the ornamental plants with great economic value in various communities. Characterization and grouping of several orchid species can be used in breeding efforts to obtain hybrid with the desired traits. This study is aimed to characterize the morphological appearance of Phaius orchids and to cluster the species based on their similarity in morphological characteristics. Five species of Phaius (P. tankervilleae, P. indigoferus, P. montanus, P. amboinensis, and P. callosus) of the collection of the Bogor Botanical Garden were observed based on 30 morphological characters including the characters of stems, pseudobulbs, leaves and flowers. The data obtained were converted into binary data and computed using the Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System (NTSYS) Spc 2.02 program to produce dendrogram. The results show that based on the morphological characterization of the five species of Phaius spp., they have similarities from 63% to 80%. Among the five Phaius species, P. amboinensis, P. tankervilleae, and P. montanus had 80% similarity and can be used as parents for crossing.