Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder with massive suffering and permanent joint destruction. The Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) beneficial effects were evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). RA was induced by 0.1 mL Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) that was injected once into the rat's right hind leg footpads. Thirty male rats were equally divided into 5 groups. Group I (Normal control): Rats received no drugs, Group II (CFA-induced arthritis for treatment): Rats injected with 0.1 ml CFA on the 1 st day and sacrificed after 29 days of CFA injection, Group III (CFA + GSPE treated): After 14 days of CFA injection, rats treated with GSPE (100 mg . kg -1 b wt./day) for 15 sequential days. Group IV (CFA-induced arthritis for protection): Rats injected with 0.1 ml CFA on 15 th day of the experiment and sacrificed 15 days later after arthritis induction. Group V (CFA + GSPE protected): Rats pretreated with GSPE (100 mg . kg -1 b wt./day) one day before CFA injection and 14 days later after arthritis induction. A significant upregulation in IL-1β, MMP-3 and LOX-1 gene expressions were observed in the arthritic rats' synovial membrane. However, significant down-regulations in all previous parameters were observed in GSPE treated groups. Also, GSPE significantly activated Nrf2 gene in the liver with marked up-regulation of Lactoferrin (LF) gene in arthritic rats' synovial membrane. Interestingly, improvement of histopathological alterations in synovium and stifle joint capsule of arthritic rats supported the anti-arthritic effects of GSPE. Conclusively, GSPE ameliorates adjuvant induced arthritis via its anti-arthritic and joint protecting properties.

The present study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of disinfection process applied in poultry farms and determination the major input of infection into poultry farms. A total of 140 samples and swabs were collected from farm A and B with an average of 70 samples from each farm. These samples were collected from floor, walls, drinker, feeder, air, windows, fans, boats, car rubber, cloaca, litter, water, feed and hands samples (5 of each) from two broiler farms before and after disinfection. The results showed that Salmonella Kentuckey, Salmonella Typhymurium, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Virchow were higher in different samples taken from farm (A) than in different samples taken from farm (B). Actually, E. coli serotype O1 was detected in drinker, boots, cloaca, litter (20% of each) & car rubber (40%) of farm (A) and only from car rubber (20%) of farm (B). Moreover, E. coli serotype O2 was isolated from fan, feeder, feed (20% of each) & boots (40%) of farm (B). However, E. coli serotype O78 was detected in floor, feeder, cloaca, water (20% of each) & feeder & litter (40% of each) of farm (A) and feeder, cloaca (20% of each) & litter (40%) of farm (B). In concern to S. aureus, the isolation percentages from wall, fan, cloaca, litter (20% of each), floor, drinker, boots, air (40% of each), car rubber (60%) & worker hands (80%) of farm (A) and only from drinker & car rubber (20% of each) of farm (B). While, C. jejuni was recovered floor, wall, fan, feeder, boots, water (20% of each), drinker, cloaca (40% of each) & litter (60%) of farm (A) and only from cloaca and litter (20% of each) of farm (B).