Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a polymorphic systemic granulomatous mycosis determined by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii and constitutes one of the 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality by the parasitic diseases endemic in Brazil. The need for updates on the etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis is a for routinely including this disease in the differential diagnosis of current medical practice, recognizing it early and treating it properly, so as to avoid progression with sequelae and death.A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma micose granulomatosa sistêmica, polimórfica, determinada pelos Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e P. lutzii e constitui-se em uma das 10 causas de morbimortalidade entre as doenças endêmicas parasitárias no Brasil. A atualização do conhecimento sobre sua etiologia, epidemiologia e patogênese constitui estímulo para que seja incluída no espectro do diagnóstico diferencial da prática médica

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We present the case of a patient who underwent cardiac transplantation with the diagnosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Once the explanted heart was examined, a type of granulomatous myocarditis compatible with cardiac sarcoidosis was observed. However, there was severe involvement of the right ventricle, with markedly reduced width of the muscular layer and extensive fibrofatty replacement, findings similar to the ones encountered in cases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Confocal immunofluorescence analysis revealed a reduced signal for plakoglobin and desmoplakin at the cardiac intercalated disks. The immunoreactive signal for desmin showed the typical sarcomeric distribution but not a concentrated signal at the intercalated disks, a pattern previously seen in an 11-year-old girl with Carvajal syndrome bearing a C-terminal truncating mutation in the desmoplakin gene. This case illustrates the difficult and challenging work involved in performing a differential diagnosis among idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, isolated cardiac sarcoidosis, and ARVC, all of which are clinical entities known to masquerade as one another.

The diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis requires epidemiological data to be available and for the presence of some more typical clinical manifestations.It requires complementary investigation with interventional methods, differential diagnosis of pathologies of great importance such as tuberculosis and lymphomas, and cure control. This update discusses the advances in these various areas, which include complementary investigation, differential diagnosis and cure control, pointing to development prospects that may help better define the best approach to this disease.