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Landslide susceptibility maps are very important tools in the planning and management of landslide prone areas. Qualitative and quantitative methods each have their own advantages and dis-advantages in landslide susceptibility mapping. The aim of this study is to compare three models, i.e., frequency ratio (FR), Shannon’s entropy and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) by implementing them for the preparation of landslide susceptibility maps. Shimla, a district in Himachal Pradesh (H.P.), India was chosen for the study. A landslide inventory containing more than 1500 landslide events was prepared using previous literature, available historical data and a field survey. Out of the total number of landslide events, 30% data was used for training and 70% data was used for testing purpose. The frequency ratio, Shannon’s entropy and AHP models were implemented and three landslide susceptibility maps were prepared for the study area. The final landslide susceptibility maps were validated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The frequency ratio (FR) model yielded the highest accuracy, with 0.925 fitted ROC area, while the accuracy achieved by Shannon’s entropy model was 0.883. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) yielded the lowest accuracy, with 0.732 fitted ROC area. The results of this study can be used by engineers and planners for better management and mitigation of landslides in the study area.

In the present study, we illustrate the strategy and protocol required to generate rice transgenics over-expressing the 21-nt form of Osa-miR820. The miR exists in two size variants of 21-nt and 24-nt so the natural precursor cannot be employed for the purpose of miR over-expression as the cellular machinery can process both size variants thereby masking the role of PTGS regulation. Hence, we adopted the artificial miR technology to specifically over-express the 21-nt species in the transgenics. During the course of experiments it was observed that the amiR constructs probably interfered with the regeneration of the transformed callus, necessitating protocol modifications. The results indicate the successful over-expression of the 21-nt miR species. These plants can serve as a useful source for the functional dissection of the role played by the 21-nt Osa-miR820 species. They will also be valuable in highlighting the importance for the existence of a dual mode of miR mediated target regulation.

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