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The present study was under taken to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound guided tube cystotomy in male buffalo calves with intact and turgid urinary bladder. All these calves have pulsating urethra. Frequent micturition posture along with twitching of urethra observed from two to three days. Tube cystotomy was done by minimum stab incision under sonographic examination. Early recovery with minimum complication was noticed in most of buffalo calves by this technique. This study concluded that ultrasonography guided tube cystotomy is safe and reliable technique for treatment of retention of urine in buffalo calves with intact urinary bladder.

Ultrasonography of the stomach was performed in six apparently healthy mixed mongrel breed pups from 15 th day to 8 month of age. Scanning carried out on 15 th, 30 th , 45th, 60 th day, 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 6 th , 7 th and 8 th month of age. The ultrasound machine used for this study was 3D ultrasound machine (Nemio-XG: Toshiba, Japan) having 4D volumetric transducer. The images were acquired with 3-6 MHz 2D curvilinear transducer and 4.2 -6 MHz 4D volumetric curvilinear transducer operated at 3-5 MHz frequency. Ultrasonographically, the lumen of stomach was anechoic, solid food was hyperechoic, semisolid food was hypoechoic and the wall of the stomach was hyperechoic throughout the study. At the 45 th day of age, there was appearance of the gastric folds. At the age of 240 th day fully developed stomach was observed with distinct gastric wall, gastric folds and hyperechoic gastric contents mixed in anechoic lumen of the stomach. In our study mean diameters of stomach such as mean wall thickness was in range of 3.6 ± 0.17 mm -5.63 ± 0.27 mm, transverse diameters were in range of 12.95 ± 0.30mm -39.45 ± 0.47 mm, longitudinal diameter were 12.77 ± 0.14 mm -66.68 ± 1.36 and circumference was in range of 33.52 ± 0.92 mm -120.92 ± 1.12 mm.

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