Objectives: Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare sinonasal malignancy with little known regarding how regional and socioeconomic differences in the United States alter disease survival. The aim of this study is to explore the geographic difference in clinical features, socioeconomic factors, and survival outcomes of ENB patients.Methods: ENB cases were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry from 1975-2016. Patient data were stratified based on geographical location and comparative analyses of socioeconomic features, disease characteristics, and survival patterns were performed. Kaplan-Meier regression analyses were used to estimate disease-specific survival (DSS).Results: A total of 987 patients were identified: 56.4% West, 14.0% South, 12.7% Midwest, and 16.6% East. The West had the highest proportion of patients with Medicaid coverage (P < .001), stage A malignancy (P < .001), and treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (P < .001). The South had the highest proportion of patients who were Black (P < .001), uninsured (P < .001), and resided in rural areas (P < .001). Five-year DSS patterns were 81.0% (West), 79.8% (East), 67.4% (Midwest), and 72.7% (South) [P = .018]. Ten-year DSS outcomes were 74.0% (West), 73.7% (East), 60.9% (Midwest), and 63.6% (South) [P = .017]. Conclusion:In ENB patients, survival disparity exists in the United States based on geographical region. Patients from the West and East exhibit higher survival than those from the South and Midwest.

Erdmann’s anion [1,6-diammino tetranitrocobaltate(III)] is useful in the isolation and crystallization of recently confiscated street drugs needing to be identified and catalogued. The protonated form of such drugs forms excellent crystals with that anion; moreover, Erdmann’s salts are considerably less expensive than the classically used AuCl4− anion to isolate them, while preparation of high-quality crystals is equally easy in both cases. We describe the preparation and structures of the K+CoH6N6O8− and NH4+CoH6N7O8−, salts of Erdmann’s. In addition, herein are described the preparations of this anion’s salts with cocaine (C17H28CoN7O12), with methamphetamine (C10H22CoN7O8), and with methylone (C22H34CoN8O14), whose preparation and stereochemistry had been characterized by the old AuCl4− salts methodology. For all species in this report, the space groups and cell constants were determined at 296 and 100 K, looking for possible thermally induced polymorphism—none was found. Since the structures were essentially identical at the two temperatures studied, we discuss only the 100 K results. Complete spheres of data accessible to a Bruker ApexII diffractometer with Cu–Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å, were recorded and used in the refinements. Using the refined single crystal structural data for the street drugs, we computed their X-ray powder diffraction patterns, which are beneficial as quick identification standards in law enforcement work.

PurposeTo study the epidemiological and survival trends of the most common eyelid melanoma (EM) subtypes, which are lentigo melanoma (LM), superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) and Nodular Melanoma (NM).MethodsData were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results U.S. cancer database. Incidence (IR) data were available from 2000 to 2017 and were calculated in number of cases/million/year. IR trends across the study’s timeframe were assessed by measuring the annual percent change (APC). 5‐year overall survival (OS) was calculated over the timeframe 1973–2011 using the Kaplan‐Meier method.ResultsA total of 570 cases with known melanoma subtypes were identified. The most common subtype was LM (41.0%), followed by SSM (35.2%), then NM (13.8%). IR for LM (0.153) was statistically higher than for NM (0.051, p < 0.001), but not for SSM (0.130, p = 104). Mean diagnostic ages in years were statistically different: LM (72.16), SSM (64.12), NM (69. 72) [p < 0.001]. From 2000 to 2017, IR increased for LM (APC 3.17, p = 0.034) but did not significantly change for SSM and NM. 5‐year OS was significantly lower for NM (57.0%) as compared to that of LM (73.8%) and SSM (81.0%) [p < 0.001]. Older age was a negative prognostic factor for all subtypes as patients older than 85 years old had the worst survival compared to all other age groups (LM 34.6%, SSM 47.6% and NM 30.0%) [p < 0.01]. Females showed higher survival patterns than males in LM (81.4% and 66.7%, p = 0.03) and SSM (89.1% and 74.1%, p=0.008), but there were no gender survival differences for the NM subtype (p = 0.405). Race and stage did not significantly affect survival in any of the three subtypes.ConclusionsAmong EM subtypes, incidence is highest for LM and SSM. Mean diagnostic age is significantly lowest in SSM. NM subtype portends the worst prognosis. Older age is a negative prognostic factor for all subtypes, while male gender portends a negative prognosis only in LM and SSM. Race and stage did not impact survival outcomes.BibliographySurveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute SEER*Stat software (seer.cancer.gov/seerstat) version 8.3.6.

PurposeUveal melanoma is the most common adult ocular malignancy, and the choroid is the most common location where it presents. In this study, we perform an epidemiological analysis of uveal melanomas arising from the choroid.MethodsA retrospective, population‐based analysis was performed using patient data extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry US database from 2000 to 2017. Incidence (IR) was calculated in number of cases/million/year. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results7122 cases of choroidal melanoma (CM) were identified, of whom 52.2% were males and 96.5% were white. The overall IR was 4.5. IR during 2000–2008 (4.37) was significantly lower than that during 2009‐2017 (4.63) [p = 0.017]. The annual percent change in IR during 2000–2017 was 2.04 (p < 0.001). IR in males (5.1) was significantly higher than that in females (4.0) [p < 0.001]. White patients displayed significantly higher IR (5.5) than black (0.4; p < 0.001) and Asian/Pacific Islander (0.6; p < 0.001) patients. IR in patients older than 65 years old (y/o) [17.4] was statistically higher than that in those 22‐64 y/o (4.1; p < 0.001) and those younger than 21 y/o (0.1; p < 0.001). Right and left laterality did not impact IR (p = 0.620). 90.5% of patients presented with a localized malignancy while 7.9% and 1.6% showed regional and distal spread, respectively. 5‐year DSS during 2000–2012 was 82.0%. Race and sex did not affect survival. 5‐year DSS was significantly higher during 2010‐2012 (83.3%) than during 2000‐2002 (75.9%; p < 0.001).ConclusionsIncidence of choroidal melanoma is highest in the male, white and elderly populations. Incidence is increasing over the study’s timeframe. Most cases of CM are diagnosed at a localized stage. Overall 5‐year DSS for CM is 82.0% and has shown a substantial improvement comparing the two tail‐ends of the study. Race and sex do not affect survival.BibliographySurveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute SEER*Stat software (seer.cancer.gov/seerstat) version 8.3.6.

PurposeTo study epidemiological trends of conjunctival lymphoma.MethodsA retrospective, population‐based analysis of patient data extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry US database was conducted from 2000 to 2016. Incidence (IR) was calculated in number of cases/million/year. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) was calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.Results978 cases of conjunctival lymphoma (CL) were identified, of whom 52% were females and 65% were white. The most common histological subtypes were mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT; 70.9%) and follicular lymphoma (11.7%). Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma constituted only 3.4% of cases. Overall IR of CL was 0.7. Annual percent change showed a significant decline (−1.4) in IR of CL during 2000–2016 (p = 0.02). There was no difference in IR between sexes (p = 0.34). IR in Asian/Pacific Islander patients (0.9) was significantly higher than that in white (0.6) and black (0.5) [p < 0.01] patients. Mean diagnostic age in years was 59.3 [Standard Deviation = 17.9]. IR in patients older than 65 years old (y/o) [2.36] was significantly higher than that in those 22–64 y/o (0.63; p < 0.01) and those younger than 21 y/o (0.06, p < 0.01). IR of unilateral cases (0.6) was significantly higher than that of bilateral ones (0.1) [p < 0.01] and there was no significant difference between left and right laterality (p = 0.72). 5‐year DSS during 2000–2012 was 97.4%. Race and sex did not affect survival. DSS was similar during 2010–2012 (98.5%) and 2000‐02 (94.1%) [p = 0.099].ConclusionsConjunctival lymphoma incidence is highest in the elderly and Asian/Pacific Islander populations and is not affected by sex. Incidence is decreasing over the timeframe 2000‐2016. Most common histology for CL is MALT. Overall 5‐year DSS for CL is 97.4%, and it is not affected by sex or race.BibliographySurveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute SEER*Stat software (seer.cancer.gov/seerstat) version 8.3.6.