For kesterite copper zinc tin sulfide/selenide (CZTSSe) solar cells to enter the market, in addition to efficiency improvements, the technological capability to produce flexible and large-area modules with homogeneous properties is necessary. Here, we report a greater than 10% efficiency for a cell area of approximately 0.5 cm 2 and a greater than 8% efficiency for a cell area larger than 2 cm 2 of certified flexible CZTSSe solar cells. By designing a thin and multi-layered precursor structure, the formation of defects and defect clusters, particularly tin-related donor defects, is controlled, and the open circuit voltage value is enhanced. Using statistical analysis, we verify that the cell-to-cell and within-cell uniformity characteristics are improved. This study reports the highest efficiency so far for flexible CZTSSe solar cells with small and large areas. These results also present methods for improving the efficiency and enlarging the cell area.

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Erythropoietin exerts renoprotective effects in an experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions.

Abstract:Real Dysfunction Indicators in Lead Exposed Workers: Kap-Yeol JUNG, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Medicine Research Institute, Dong-A University School of Medicine-This study was undertaken to find out which indicators were most valuable as markers of renal dysfunction related to lead exposure. We selected 75 male workers from the secondary lead smelter, plastic stabilizer and radiator manufacturing industries (the "exposed" group) and 64 male office workers (the "control" group) . Blood lead, blood zinc protoporphyrin, urine lead, urine coproporphyrin, 3-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, and urine 8-aminolevulinic acid were chosen as indicators of lead exposure. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, urine N-acetyl-p-D-glucosaminidase, urine albumin, urine a,-microglobulin and urine fl2-microglobulin were used as indicators of renal dysfunction.The urine a,-microglobulin level was significantly associated with the lead exposure level. Blood urea nitrogen, urine Nacetyl-p-D-glucosaminidase and urine a1-microglobulin levels were highly correlated with indicators of lead exposure. Urine a,-microglobulin had the highest correlation with other indicators of renal function. Conclusively, blood urea nitrogen, urine N-acetyl-fl-Dglucosaminidase and urine a,-microglobulin are useful indicators, but urine a,-microglobulin is the earliest and the most valuable indicator of renal dysfunction due to lead exposure. (J Occup Health 1998; 40: 103-109)