This study aims to compare and evaluate the efficacy of four different irrigating solutions like sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), Oxum, and ozonated water with ultrasonic agitation in removing the smear layer in the apical third of root canals using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Materials and methodsFor the study, 50 freshly extracted human mandibular premolars with single well-developed roots without any curvatures were taken. The teeth taken were decoronated to obtain a uniform working length of 15 mm, and the samples were instrumented using a ProTaper Gold rotary file system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to F2 size, along with irrigation of 1 ml of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in between instrumentation. The samples were randomly divided into five groups with 10 samples each, according to the final irrigant used. Group I-EDTA 17%, Group II-NaOCl 5%, Group III-Oxum, Group IV-ozonated water, and Group V-normal saline. In all groups, ultrasonic agitation of the irrigating solution was performed using a size 20 file, held passively inside the root canal. Then the samples were flushed with distilled water, dried with paper points, split into two halves, and subjected to SEM analysis. SEM images of the apical third region of root samples were taken at 5000X resolution and scored on a scale of 1 to 4. ResultsStatistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test using software version SPSS software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago). The results showed that the 17% EDTA group showed the least smear layer scores when compared to other groups with statistical significance. This was followed by the Oxum group and 5% NaOCl group, whereas the ozone water group and saline control group showed the highest smear layer scores. ConclusionThe present study reveals that the EDTA is the superior irrigant in the elimination of smear layer in root canal treatment. Newer irrigants, such as Oxum, can be used as an alternative to EDTA for smear layer removal while remaining biocompatible with dentin. Whereas ozone can be combined with other irrigants for synergistic action of enhanced antimicrobial property and smear layer elimination in the future.

This study aims to evaluate the retention of fiber posts in the coronal, middle, and apical dentin regions with various bonding techniques by using fifth, sixth, and eighth-generation bonding agents and self-etch adhesive cement. Materials and methodsFor this study, 96 freshly extracted human incisors with straight roots were selected. Endodontic treatment of the specimens was performed. The post spaces were created immediately after obturation and the posts were luted with three different bonding agents and self-adhesive resin cement and the specimens were divided into four groups. Approximately 3 mm thick sections were made from different dentin regions of the post space and were tested for three subgroups: Subgroup I: Coronal, Subgroup II: Middle, Subgroup III: Apical. The specimens were tested on a universal testing machine. ResultsStatistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago ). The intra-group comparison showed that the bond strength was more in the fifth-generation bonding agent (

3D printing or additive manufacturing is the forerunner in today’s digital dentistry. Charles Hull devised the concept of 3D printing in dentistry in early 1980’s. 3D printing involves addition of layers, one over another, to form an object. (1) Rapid prototyping, layered manufacturing or solid-free form fabrication are various other terms used that refer to additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing has been in use in dentistry since early 1980’s and has constantly evolved from the first 3D printers in 1984, up to the recent bioprinters capable of printing specific tissues and organs.

Maxillary teeth are most vulnerable to fracture due to trauma. An effective treatment plan for an anterior teeth fracture not only improves function and appearance but also benefits the patient psychologically. The reattachment of the fragmented tooth is one of the best treatment methods for such condition. It is considered as a better treatment option because it is uncomplicated, aesthetic, and preserves the dental structure. To achieve a positive prognosis, patient cooperation and awareness about the treatment are essential. This article includes three case reports that illustrate the management of complex maxillary anterior teeth fractures wherein the reattachment of the fractured tooth segments was undertaken.