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glomalin-related soil protein, soil enzymatic activities, and microbial community structure. The soil OM content in HSP (64 g kg −1 ) was greater (p < 0.05) than BSP and OP (55 g kg −1 ). The BSP soils had about 45% and 52% more (p < 0.05) microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen than OP soils. The HSP soils had 60% greater (p < 0.05) microbial biomass nitrogen than OP soils. The BSP supported greater (p < 0.05) β-glucosidase and urease activities than the HSP and OP treatments, while greater (p < 0.05) β-glucosidase activity was measured in HSP than OP. Total phospholipid-derived fatty acid and actinomycetes abundance were greater (p < 0.001) in OP compared to BSP and HSP while the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi abundance was greater (p < 0.05) in OP than in HSP. These findings indicate that black walnut and honeylocust trees in the silvopastures with proper management can improve certain soil health parameters over time depending on tree characteristics and the age of the system.

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