Leukemia is a most prevalent type of cancer around the globe. Due to major side effects of Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, scientists worked to explore the alternative source to treat leukemia. An alternative source for the treatment of leukemia existed in the form of curcumin, a natural phenolic compound extracted from curcuma longa plant. It exhibited anticancer properties reducing the tumor load via apoptosis and cell cycle arrested in various cancer cell lines and controlled tumor proliferation by blocking tumor inducing gene such as FLT3, Akt gene, ROS and NF-κB inhibition. At molecular level, curcumin plays a key therapeutic role in protection of normal cells by up regulation of NRF-2 that induces production of cellular antioxidants. It regulates various signaling pathways including NF-KB, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT and JNK pathways, thereby affecting cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review described the potential of curcumin for treatment of leukemia; it affects different signaling cascades and their regulation. This study provides a preclinical foundation for future usage of curcumin in the treatment of cancer.

Trade openness is a vivid indicator of emerging economies & one of the most important determinants of growth. Therefore, quite a number of researchers have endeavored to analyze the significance & impact of trade openness on economic growth for various economies. Generally, the theoretical framework supports the constructive & positive impact of economic openness of a country for its overall economic development; however, there are mixed outcomes of empirical findings, especially for developing countries that experience fluctuations in their economic growth rate. This research work has employed trade to GDP ratio as a proxy variable for trade openness to examine its effect on the growth of Pakistan. The finding of this study does not reveal any considerable effect of trade liberalization during 1972-2016 on the growth of the Pakistan economy. The study concludes its premise based on empirical results that those economies that have a comparative advantage in trade with significant competitiveness usually benefit from liberalization, export promoting, and diversifying policies. The trading partners of Pakistan were and are mostly Western countries that have the comparative advantage of trade over Pakistan. Therefore, the government of Pakistan needs to promote & diversify its exports to those countries in which Pakistan has a comparative advantage in the international market.

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MDR uropathogens lead to high-level morbidity and mortality and pose a tremendous threat towards treatment failure and survival of UTI patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the demographic characteristics, antibiogram, and resistance pattern of Escherichia coli against antibiotics-a retrospective study at Nishtar Medical Hospital in Multan, from June 2016 to July 2017. A total of 150 clinical samples were collected and biochemically characterized by Berge's manual, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. Data was analyzed by the XL-stat software. Results indicate that UTI was more prevalent in rural areas such as Alipur (28.6%) and Jalalpur (18%) and less common in urban areas like Muzaffargarh (2.66) and Multan (2%). A total of 150 patients were examined, of which 88 were females and 62 males in which more frequently found pathogens were E. coli (33%) and others Klebsiella pneumonia (18%), Proteus (10%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (8.66%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.33%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.66%), Enterobacter (6%), Candida (5.33%), and Citrobacter (4.66%). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against E. coli strains that showed the highest overall resistance patterns of imipenem (IMI), Cip, Aug, Cfm, and CN, which were 80%, 72%, 68%, 60%, and 52%, respectively. MDR E. coli strains showed the highest resistance pattern towards IMI which put through alarming situation in Pakistan. Significant results showed that TZP, AK, and F were found sensitive in vitro against E. coli isolates of UTIs. Prevalence of MDR uropathogens near around Multan has been first time documented in this study with respect to possible risk factors associated with UTI. These alarming signs of MDR E. coli have been rarely addressed and warrant attention on urgent basis.

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