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Background: Peri-implant infections occur in response to pathogenic bacterial flora in addition to release of inflammatory markers similarly to periodontal infection, but faster and more intensely. As the smoking is a critical modifying factor for periodontal disease intensity, it can also be considered as a risk factor of periimplantitis. Subjects and methods:Fourteen participants with endo-osseous root form implant; seven of them are non smokers (group 1) and the other seven are smokers (group 2).Clinical parameters as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and probing pocket depth (PPD) are recorded for each participant and also periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) samples are collected from all participants to biochemically investigate levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).Results: Clinical parameters as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were higher in smoker group compared to non smoker group .however, The VEGF levels in PICF were higher in the non smoker group compared to the smoker group. Conclusion:VEGF is not a highly sensitive pathogenesis maker and can not be used alone to predict periimplantitis.

Main purpose: to determine the levels of Interleukin-17 and Interleukin-18 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of stage III/IV, molar/incisor pattern periodontitis patients matched to their levels in periodontally healthy individuals.Subjects and methods: Fifty subjects were included; 25 of them are diagnosed with stage III/IV, molar/incisor pattern periodontitis patients and 25 are periodontally healthy subjects. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded for all the enrolled subjects at baseline and after three months following non surgical treatment in the tested periodontitis group. GCF levels of IL-17 and IL-18 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and after three months following non surgical treatment in the stage III/IV, molar/incisor pattern periodontitis group.Results: Clinical parameters and GCF levels of IL-17 and IL-18 were higher in stage III/IV, molar/incisor pattern periodontitis than periodontally healthy subjects . Both IL-17 and IL-18 were decreased after non surgical treatment of the stage III/IV, molar/incisor pattern periodontitis group. So, this proved that both IL-17 and IL-18 are positively correlated to the clinical parameters and both interleukins are positively correlated with each other and have a role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Conclusion:IL-17 and IL-18 are important proinflammatory cytokines of periodontal disease and either one of them can be used as a potential biomarker of stage III/IV, molar/incisor pattern periodontitis.

Aim of the present study :To assess the levels of Interleukin-17 and Interleukin-18 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of stage III/ IV generalized periodontitis patients compared to their levels in periodontally healthy individuals.Subjects and methods: Fifty subjects were included; twenty five of them are diagnosed with stage III/ IV generalized periodontitis and the other twenty five are periodontally healthy subjects. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded for all the enrolled subjects. GCF levels of Il-17 and IL-18 were analyzed by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Clinical parameters and GCF levels of Interleukin -17 and Interleukin -18 were higher in stage III/ IV generalized periodontitis than periodontally healthy subjects and both Il-17 and Il-18 are positively correlated. Conclusion:Higher levels of Interleukin -17 and Interleukin -18 in stage III/ IV generalized periodontitis and their decrease after non surgical treatment show that they may have a role in pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis.