VAD due to NPL 2nd stage results in adverse perinatal outcome in the index and subsequent pregnancies. VAD due to NPL 2nd stage in the index pregnancy is an independent risk factor for NPL 1st stage and NPL 2nd stage during the subsequent pregnancy.

No abstract

Although sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is correlated with infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and childhood morbidity, the utility of SDF assays as part of the patient's evaluation has been debated. Proponents of this measure suggest that SDF assays can guide the management of infertile couples with repeated IVF failure, couples with unexplained infertility, infertile couples with high SDF risk factors, infertile men with varicocele, and couples with RPL. On the other hand, critics question the added value of SDF indices. The cost and controversy of SDF assays have resulted in its low utilization. The aim of the current review is to determine which patient populations would most benefit from SDF assays and how SDF can guide the management of infertility.

Risk for cesarean section by reason for indication for induction of labor. Indication for induction of labor Number of induced women Cesarean section N (%) Adjusted OR Postdate 3987 1114 (28%) 1.18 (1.02-1.35) Abnormal biophysical profile 315 81 (26%) 1.14 (0.87-1.50) Gestational diabetes mellitus 372 96 (26%) 1.47 (1.13-1.91) Hypertension disorders of pregnancy 1020 295 (29%) 1.33 (1.13-1.56) Premature rupture of membrane 1618 390 (24%) 0.87 (0.76-1.00) Intrauterine growth restriction 382 43 (12%) 0.50 (0.35-0.71) Previous fast labor 237 3 (1%) 0.16 (0.05-0.50) Oligohydramnios 312 73 (23%) 0.88 (0.67-1.17) Large for gestational age 108 28 (26%) 1.75 (1.08-2.82) Maternal Request 33 5 (16%) 0.88 (0.32-2.42)