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Abstract. Flow imaging microscopy was introduced as a technique for protein particle analysis a few years ago and has strongly gained in importance ever since. The aim of the present study was a comparative evaluation of four of the most relevant flow imaging microscopy systems for biopharmaceuticals on the market: Micro-Flow Imaging (MFI)4100, MFI5200, Flow Cytometer And Microscope (FlowCAM) VS1, and FlowCAM PV. Polystyrene standards, particles generated from therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and silicone oil droplets were analyzed by all systems. The performance was critically assessed regarding quantification, characterization, image quality, differentiation of protein particles and silicone oil droplets, and handling of the systems. The FlowCAM systems, especially the FlowCAM VS1, showed high-resolution images. The FlowCAM PV system provided the most precise quantification of particles of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, also under impaired optical conditions by an increased refractive index of the formulation. Furthermore, the most accurate differentiation of protein particles and silicone oil droplets could be achieved with this instrument. The MFI systems provided excellent size and count accuracy (evaluated with polystyrene standards) especially the MFI5200 system. This instrument also showed very good performance for protein particles, also in case of an increased refractive index of the formulation. Both MFI systems were easier to use and appeared more standardized regarding measurement and data analysis as compared to the FlowCAM systems. Our study shows that the selection of the appropriate flow imaging microscopy system depends strongly on the main output parameters of interest and it is recommended to decide based on the intended application.

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