thanks the Bank for hosting him during a portion of this project. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

This paper surveys recent empirical studies on the economic impacts of immigration. The survey …rst examines the magnitude of immigration as an economic phenomenon in various host countries. The second part deals with the assimilation of immigrant workers into host-country labor markets and concomitant e¤ects for natives. The paper then turns to immigration's impact for the public …nances of host countries. The …nal section considers emerging topics in the study of immigration. The survey particularly emphasizes the recent experiences of Northern Europe and Scandinavia and relevant lessons from traditional destination countries like the US.JEL Classi…cation: H53, J23, J31, J61, J68.

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We study the connection between entrepreneurship and growth through the lens of U.S. cities. Measures of initial entrepreneurship correlate strongly with urban employment growth for the United States, but endogeneity bedevils interpretation. Chinitz (1961) hypothesized that coal mines near to cities led to specialization in industries, like steel, with signi…cant scale economies and that those big …rms subsequently damped entrepreneurial human capital across several generations. Proximity to historical mining deposits is associated with reduced entrepreneurship for cities in the 1970s and onwards in industries unrelated to mining. We use historical mines as an instrument for our modern entrepreneurship measures and …nd a persistent link between entrepreneurship and city employment growth.JEL Classi…cation: L0, L1, L2, L6, N5, N9, O1, O4, R0, R1.