Gerbera plant Gerbera jamesonii is classified according to the flower colors to four strains: white, yellow, pink and purple. Capitulum and scape explants were tested on MS medium in half or full salts strength, supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators cytokinins kintin (Kin) and benzel adinine (BA), auxin indolacitic acid (IAA). Results revealed that the capitulum showed better response to shoot formation 64.13% whereas the scape did not show response. Yellow flowers showed higher response in shoot formation 37.5% than other strains. growth regulators combination BA and IAA (3.0 + 0.1) mg/L respectively showed better response for shoot multiplication. Auxin IBA (0.5) mg/ L gave better rooting percentage 60% than other auxins IAA and NAA all concentrations. The acclimatization of the gerbera was 78.59%.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of premature death due to dietaryfactors such as high salt intake. Bread is one of the most important of these sources, asit causes high blood pressure. In this study, 48 samples of three types of bread werecollected from different bakeries in Baghdad regions, namely white bread, brownbread and local bread, with an average of 16 samples for each type. This study is thefirst in Iraq for the purpose of determining the level of sodium concentration added tothe three types of bread. The aim of this study is to establish the approved controlsand standards for adding sodium to bread. The sodium concentration in the samplesmentioned in this study was calculated, using a dedicated sodium concentration kit,produced by Agappe Diagnostics Switzerland. The maximum value of SodiumConcentration for white bread was in AlShaeb Region (3.555gm), while themaximum value of the Sodium Concentration for the Barley Bread type was in theAlghazalia region (3.518gm) and Mahmudiyah (3.496gm) .The maximum value forthe Sodium Concentration was for the third type, which is the local Bread in theAssadar City region (3.604gm).and the a minimum value of the SodiumConcentration for white bread was in Abu Ghareeb region (3.099gm), while the aminimum value of the Sodium Concentration for the Barley Bread type was in theAbu Ghareeb region (3.093gm) , Palestine Str. (3.133gm) And Karrada region(3.188gm ) and the a minimum value of the Sodium Concentration for Local Breadwas in Palestine Str. (3.186gm) and Abu Ghareeb region (3.208gm).Keywords: white bread, brown bread, local bread, Sodium Concentration

This research was conducted to study the effect of the chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the percentage of callus induction and survival from mature beans embryos harvester cultivar. Seeds were treated with (0.2 or 0.4) millimolar of the mutagen NTG in combination with 0.0, 4 or 8% of ethanol, pH 5 ±2 0. for 24 h. Calli were induced on mature embryos by using MS medium with 0.5 mg/l of Benzyl adenine (BA), 1 mg/l Indole acetic acid (IAA) and 100 mg/l from each of Casein hydrolysate, Glycine, Asparagine, Tyrosine, and Myo-Inositol. Results showed that the hypocotyl surpassed the radical and the plume significantly in terms of survival reached 56.3%. Mutagen treatments showed asignificant effect on calli survival. Treatment with 8% Ethanol was lethal for all explants. While treatment with 0.4 mM NTG without Ethanol gaved the highest survival rate. The interaction between the treatments and the explants showed that the lowest survival percentage was which 8.8% that was for shoots treated with 0.2 mM of 4% Ethanol. Calli induced on hypocotyls treated with 0.4 mM NTG without Ethanol gave the highest fresh weight (347.2) mg while the lowest was (60) mg for calli induced on the radical treated with 0.4 mM NTG with 4% Ethanol. Moreover the highest dry weight was 22.5 mg for calli induced from hypocotyls treated with 0.4 millimolar NTG without Ethanol that was higher than the control 17.2 mg.The lowest dry weight obtained from calli induced on the radical treated with 0.4 mM NTG with 4% Ethanol was 3 mg. In conclusion the results showed that 0.4 mM NTG without Ethanol gave the highest survival rate and the highest fresh and dry weight for calli induced on the hypocotyl.

anthers were taken from bean flower buds of the variety Aquadlce and microspore developmental stages were determined according to flower bud sizes. Anthers were cultured on modified Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (SH) supplemented with EDTA ferric monosodium salt to the SH medium which was taken from formulation of Murashige and Skoog (MS), casein hydrolysate 400 mg/l, some amino acids, and different combinations of growth regulators; kinetin and naphthalene acetic acid and 2, 4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Kin + NAA + 2, 4-D) and benzyl adenine (BA + NAA + 2,4-D) in different concentrations. The combination (BA + NAA + 2, 4-D) used with flower bud sizes (7.1-8) mm, containing uninucleate microspores, gave better callus induction (50%). It was also found that the concentrations [1.0, 2.0] mg/l of ascorbic acid were better to prevent the accumulation of phenols in the medium than the concentration [0.0] mg/l. The cytological analysis revealed that the number of chromosomes in callus induced from flower bud sizes (2.5-6.4) mm contained diploid (2n=12 chromosomes), whereas chromosomes in callus induced from flower bud sizes (6.5-8.0) mm contained haploid (n=6 chromosomes) with the presence of some diploid cells (12 chromosomes).

This research was conducted to study the effect of the chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG)on the chromosomes of callus induced from mature bean embryos, Harvester cultivar. Seeds were treated with 0.2 or o.4 mM of the mutagen that mixed with different percentages of ethanol for 24 hrs. Calli were induced on MS medium in the presence of 0.5 mg/L of Benzyl adenine (BA), 1 mg/L Indole acetic acid (IAA) and 100 mg/L from each of Casein hydrolysate, Glycine, Asparagine, Tyrosine, and Myo-Inositol. Samples were pretreated with 1, 2- benzene dichloride, Para –dichlorobenzene, or Colchicine. Two different staining methods were used to stain the chromosomes from root tips and calli.The results showed that Para –dichlorobenzene is the best pretreatment for both root tips and callicells. However, the stain acetoorcein was the best for the root tips while Feulgen stain was the best for calli cells. Chromosome count showed that there were 22 chromosomes in all the cells of bean root tips (control). While a wide range of chromosome numbers were obtained from calli cells with or without mutagen treatment. Ninety six percent of the non treatedcalli gave the normal number of chromosomes while only 60% of calli treated with (0.4 mM+4% ethanol) gave the normal number of chromosomes. Calli cells from all the treatments showed chromosome multiplication except in the presence of ethanol.