During persistent AF, most CFE regions are found in the vicinity of the PVs. There is a significant correlation between two CFE maps constructed 31 minutes apart, with 78% concordance of CFE sites.

No abstract

We found that estimation of DFs using noncontact mapping is feasible and that QRS-subtracted noncontact unipolar signals perform better than noncontact pseudobipolar signals at estimating contact bipolar DFs. This has important implications for developing algorithms for noncontact frequency mapping of AF.

In this pacing-induced AF model, common causes of CFEs include: (1) wavefront collision, (2) conduction through channels of functional block, (3) reentry. The vast majority of these CFE regions were caused by wavefront collision rather than true "drivers" of AF.