To unravel the biological function of the widely used probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, we compared its 3.0-Mbp genome sequence with the similarly sized genome of L. rhamnosus LC705, an adjunct starter culture exhibiting reduced binding to mucus. Both genomes demonstrated high sequence identity and synteny. However, for both strains, genomic islands, 5 in GG and 4 in LC705, punctuated the colinearity. A significant number of strain-specific genes were predicted in these islands (80 in GG and 72 in LC705). The GG-specific islands included genes coding for bacteriophage components, sugar metabolism and transport, and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. One island only found in L. rhamnosus GG contained genes for 3 secreted LPXTG-like pilins (spaCBA) and a pilin-dedicated sortase. Using anti-SpaC antibodies, the physical presence of cell wall-bound pili was confirmed by immunoblotting. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that the SpaC pilin is located at the pilus tip but also sporadically throughout the structure. Moreover, the adherence of strain GG to human intestinal mucus was blocked by SpaC antiserum and abolished in a mutant carrying an inactivated spaC gene. Similarly, binding to mucus was demonstrated for the purified SpaC protein. We conclude that the presence of SpaC is essential for the mucus interaction of L. rhamnosus GG and likely explains its ability to persist in the human intestinal tract longer than LC705 during an intervention trial. The presence of mucus-binding pili on the surface of a nonpathogenic Gram-positive bacterial strain reveals a previously undescribed mechanism for the interaction of selected probiotic lactobacilli with host tissues.genome ͉ probiotics ͉ adhesion ͉ pilus ͉ lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is a well-established Gram-positive probiotic strain, whose health-benefiting properties are dependent in part on prolonged residence in the gastrointestinal tract and are likely dictated by adherence to the intestinal mucosa. Previously, we identified two pilus gene clusters (spaCBA and spaFED) in the genome of this probiotic bacterium, each of which contained the predicted genes for three pilin subunits and a single sortase. We also confirmed the presence of SpaCBA pili on the cell surface and attributed an intestinal mucus-binding capacity to one of the pilin subunits (SpaC). Here, we report cloning of the remaining pilin genes (spaA, spaB, spaD, spaE, and spaF) in Escherichia coli, production and purification of the recombinant proteins, and assessment of the adherence of these proteins to human intestinal mucus. Our findings indicate that the SpaB and SpaF pilin subunits also exhibit substantial binding to mucus, which can be inhibited competitively in a dose-related manner. Moreover, the binding between the SpaB pilin subunit and the mucosal substrate appears to operate through electrostatic contacts and is not related to a recognized mucus-binding domain. We conclude from these results that it is conceivable that two pilin subunits (SpaB and SpaC) in the SpaCBA pilus fiber play a role in binding to intestinal mucus, but for the uncharacterized and putative SpaFED pilus fiber only a single pilin subunit (SpaF) is potentially responsible for adhesion to mucus.The human intestinal microbiota is comprised of more than 1,000 species of commensal and probiotic bacteria, including several members of the Gram-positive genus Lactobacillus (42, 52). Many strains of lactobacilli have a variety of health-promoting effects in humans and consequently have been used commercially as probiotics in foods and nutritional supplements (for a review, see reference 48). Often a necessary precondition for colonization of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract by probiotic bacteria is preferential adherence to the intestinal mucosa, which in turn prolongs and stabilizes intestinal residence, possibly triggering a variety of defensive host cell immune responses and excluding pathogenic bacteria by competitive inhibition or steric hindrance (48). The outermost layer of the intestinal mucosa, which is a secreted and hydrated mucus gel that acts as a protective barrier and filter, consists primarily of a heterogeneous mixture of highly glycosylated membrane-associated and secreted glycoproteins called mucins (36). Although many studies have demonstrated that various probiotic Lactobacillus spp. adhere initially to the mucus gel layer, relatively few details about the overall molecular mechanism of mucosal adhesion are known (for a review, see reference 23). Nonetheless, several studies have reported that the adherence of Lactobacillus cells to the mucosal barrier is frequently due to a surface protein-mediated interaction. For example, Rojas et al. (44) determined that the ability of Lactobacillus fermentum...

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