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Purpose. The goals of the study were: a) to compare the way that two types of active video games (AVG) influenced physical effort and motivation in young adults; b) to compare direct and indirect instruments and use an indirect instrument (heart rate analysis) as a practical tool to verify physical effort in AVGs. Methods. Initially, 16 healthy but physically inactive young adult males with no AVGs experience took part in the randomized control trial. After the baseline assessments of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and aerobic capacity (AE), the participants were randomized into two groups: structured AVG (n = 6) and unstructured AVG (n = 7) (3 dropouts). They played 3 sessions a week, during 6 weeks. Direct and indirect metabolic measurements were made. To compare direct and indirect AE, Student t-test was used for related samples. changes (group × time) in HR, perceived exertion (PE), calculated energy expenditure (EE), calculated metabolic equivalent (MET), and motivation (points) were assessed with the two-way analysis of variance. Results. There were no differences between direct and indirect AE (36.0 ± 5.2 vs 33.9 ± 6.0 ml/kg/min: unstructured; 39.0 ± 5.9 vs 37.7 ± 5.9 ml/kg/min; p > 0.05). No differences were observed in maximal HR, PE, or motivation (p > 0.05). Statistically significant differences referred to average HR, MET, and EE over the sessions (p < 0.05). HR and EE values were higher in structured than in unstructured AVGs. conclusions. HR and EE responses of structured AVGs turned out higher than those of unstructured AVGs, and the measurements proved efficient to analyse physical effort in AVGs in a long-term perspective.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anthropometric variables, body composition and propulsive force in swimmers aged 9–17 years. Anthropometric characteristics (body height and mass, sitting height, arm span, arm muscle area and body composition) and the propulsive force of the arm (tethered swimming test) were evaluated in 56 competitive male swimmers. Tanner’s stages of genital maturation (P1–5) were used. The data analysis included correlations and multiple linear regression. The propulsive force of the arm was correlated with body height (r = 0.34; p =0.013), arm span (r = 0.29; p =0.042), sitting height (r = 0.36; p =0.009), % body fat (r = 0.33; p =0.016), lean body mass (r = 0.34; p =0.015) and arm muscle area (r = 0.31; p =0.026). Using multiple linear regression models, the percent body fat and height were identified as significant predictors of the propulsive force of the arm after controlling for the maturation stage. This model explained 22% (R2 = 0.22) of associations. In conclusion, the propulsive force of swimmers was related to body height and percent body fat.

ObjectiveTo validate an equation to estimate the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of nonexpert adult swimmers.MethodsParticipants were 22 nonexpert swimmers, male, aged between 18 and 30 years (age: 23.1 ± 3:59 years; body mass: 73.6 ± 7:39 kg; height 176.6 ± 5.53 cm; and body fat percentage: 15.9% ± 4.39%), divided into two subgroups: G1 – eleven swimmers for the VO2max oximetry and modeling of the equation; and G2 – eleven swimmers for application of the equation modeled on G1 and verification of their validation. The test used was the adapted Progressive Swim Test, in which there occurs an increase in the intensity of the swim every two laps. For normality and homogeneity of data, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were used, the descriptive values of the average and standard deviation. The statistical steps were: (1) reliability of the Progressive Swim Test – through the paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the Pearson linear correlation (R) relative to the reproducibility, the coefficient of variation (CV), and standard error measurement (SEM) for the absolute reproducibility; (2) in the model equation to estimate VO2max, a relative VO2 was established, and a stepwise multiple regression model was performed with G1 – so the variables used were analysis of variance regression (AR), coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), standard error of estimate (SEE), and Durbin–Watson (DW); (3) validation of the equation – the results were presented in graphs, where direct (G1) and estimated (G2) VO2max were compared using independent t-test, linear regression (stressing the correlation between groups), and Bland–Altman (the bias agreement of the results). All considered a statistical significance level of P < 0.05.ResultsOn the trustworthiness of the Progressive Swim Test adapted presented as high as observed (R and ICC > 0.80, CV < 10%, and SEM < 2%). In the equation model, VO2max has been considered the third model as recommended due to the values found (AR < 0.01, R = 0795, R2 = 0633; R2a = 0.624, SEE = 7.21, DW = 2.06). Upon validation of the equation, no significant differences occurred between G1 and G2 (P > 0.01), linear regression stressed a correlation between the groups (R > 0.80, P < 0.01), and Bland–Altman plotting of the results was within the correlation limits of 1.96 (95% confidence interval).ConclusionThe estimating equation for VO2max for nonexpert swimmers is valid for its application through the Progressive Swim Test, providing to contribute in prescribing the swimming lessons as a method of evaluating the physical condition of its practitioners.

RESUMOPara verificar a prevalência da síndrome do Burnout em nadadores e comparar as possíveis diferenças nas dimensões do burnout, entre gêneros e categorias de competição, 102 atletas de natação (65 masculinos e 37 femininos; 14 a 19 anos), foram divididos conforme suas respectivas categorias. Os sentimentos do Burnout foram analisados pelo Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. O teste Qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar a proporção de atletas expostos ao Burnout Total, exaustão física e emocional (EFE), reduzido senso de realização esportiva (RSRE) e desvalorização da modalidade esportiva (DME), em relação ao gênero e categoria de competição. A análise demonstrou uma exposição de 24.5% ao Burnout total, 35.3 % à EFE, 64.7% ao RSRE e 22.5 % à DME. Não houve diferenças entre gênero e as categorias de competição (p > 0.05). A amostra avaliada demonstrou estar exposta às dimensões de sentimentos do burnout; todavia, estes eventos parecem ocorrer independente do gênero e das categorias de competição.Palavras-chave: Natação. Atletas. Treinamento físico.