In the last few years, the size and functionality of software have experienced a massive growth. Along with this, cost estimation plays a major role in the whole cycle of software development, and hence, it is a necessary task that should be done before the development cycle begins and may run throughout the software life cycle. It helps in making accurate estimation for any project so that appropriate charges and delivery date can be obtained. It also helps in identifying the effort required for developing the application, which assures the project acceptance or denial. Since late 90's, Agile Software Development (ASD) methodologies have shown high success rates for projects due to their capability of coping with changing requirements of the customers. Commencing product development using agile methods is a challenging task due to the live and dynamic nature of ASD. So, accurate cost estimation is a must for such development models in order to fine-tune the delivery date and estimation, while keeping the quality of software as the most important priority. This paper presents a systematic survey of cost estimation in ASD, which will be useful for the agile users to understand current trends in cost estimation in ASD.

INTRODUCTION:Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy has evolved as the standard of care for the treatment of Gall Stone disease over the past decade. Several patient and procedure related factors have been implicated in setting of failure to complete the procedure by minimal invasive method and various scores have been developed to precisely predict a Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. AIMS: The present study was conducted to ascertain various patient related preoperative risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to open method and to validate the Risk Score for conversion. SETTINGS & DESIGN: A total of 100 patients with diagnosis of Gall Stone Disease admitted to our surgical Unit between October 2011 and April 2013 were assessed for various pre-determined risk factors and were accordingly categorized into three levels of anticipated difficulty according to RSCLO and our new scoring system. The patients were then subjected to Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy by the same surgical team and the procedure was then graded as difficult or not according to the pre-defined criteria. The findings were analysed by appropriate statistical analysis. RESULTS: Presence of factors like Male sex, history of attacks of acute cholecystitis, increased GB wall thickness, presence of supra-umbilical abdominal scar, obesity and a contracted GB were associated with a significantly higher rate of conversion to open method. RSCLO was found to correlate better with the outcome in this setting than our New Scoring System. CONCLUSION: Several patient related factors may be helpful in predicting a Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy pre-operatively. RSCLO Scoring system may be useful as a pre-operative tool to predict intra-operative difficulty during LC. KEY WORDS: Difficult laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, RSCLO, pre-operative factors. INTRODUCTION:Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy has evolved as the Gold Standard procedure for treatment of Gall Stone Disease. In approximately 2-15% of the patients failure to achieve the desirous aim mandates the conversion of the procedure to Open Method 1. Various patient and procedural related factors have been implicated for this conversion. Extensive studies and various protocols have also been suggested to identify 'Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy' preoperatively. Previous attacks of acute cholecystitis, GB wall thickness, inability to delineate the anatomy and previous abdominal surgery are some of the factors that have been identified as potential risk factors for the conversion. The present study was conducted to ascertain patient related pre-operative risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to open method and to validate the Risk Score for conversion.

Introduction : The global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a critical challenge to the research community as well as to the healthcare systems. Severe COVID-19 patients are at a higher risk of developing serious complications and mortality. There is a dire need for safe and effective pharmacotherapy for addressing unmet needs of these patients. Concomitant use of dexamethasone and tetracyclines, by virtue of their immunomodulatory and other relevant pharmacological properties, offers a potential strategy for synergy aimed at improving clinical outcomes. Areas covered : Here we review the potential benefits of combining dexamethasone and tetracyclines (minocycline or doxycycline) for the management of severe COVID-19 patients. We have critically examined the evidence obtained from in silico, experimental, and clinical research. We have also discussed the plausible mechanisms, advantages, and drawbacks of this proposed combination therapy for managing severe COVID-19. Expert opinion : The concomitant use of dexamethasone and one of the tetracyclines among severe COVID-19 patients offers several advantages in terms of additive immunomodulatory effects, cost-effectiveness, wide-availability, and well-known pharmacological properties including adverse-effect profile and contraindications. There is an urgent need to facilitate pilot studies followed by well-designed and adequately-powered multicentric clinical trials to generate conclusive evidence related to utility of this approach.

All of the major movement disorders (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome) have important associated psychiatric dimensions. These if co-occurring together, cause signicant clinical burden and effect patients' quality of life and prognosis gets affected. Similarly, many of the major psychiatric disorders (such as Schizophrenia and Depression), involve abnormalities of movement. Many psychotropic medications are also known to cause movement disorders. A clinician should always assess the psychiatric comorbidities in relation to movement disorders that will help to build a holistic and pragmatic approach to management and consequently, improve the quality of life of the patient.

Aim: The comparative study was conducted to evaluate three rotary file systems in decreasing pain during follow up of endodontic therapy. Materials & Methods: Total 60 patients were selected by simple random sampling. Three commercially available rotary file systems One Shape Rotary Files, Neoendo Flex Rotary Files, Waldent Wal-flex Gold Rotary Files was used to execute endodontic therapy. Patients were divided into three study groups based on their rotary file systems. Each group has 20 teeth under assessment. For evaluation of post operative pain during follow up, patients were contacted by single doctor every alternate day till first 10 days. All findings related to pain was recorded and entered as per VAS scale and scorings. Results were sent to statistical analysis. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical Analysis & Results: Statistical analysis was completed by software (SPSS). Out of 60 patients, males were 38 and females were 22. In group I, maximum mean VAS was 49.02 after 1 day and minimum VAS was 6.64 after 9 days. P value was highly significant for after 1 day.