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Agile development processes such as Scrum have been successfully applied in the software industry for many years. Based on experience, industrial practitioners indicate three predominant benefits of agile development processes compared to traditional software development processes. First of all, development results better fit customers’ and other stakeholders’ needs. That is because they are intensively involved in the development process by receiving, applying and assessing functional software increments in a defined cadence throughout the development process. Secondly, agile development processes better cope with unexpected changes in the development process due to the built-in process flexibility. Lastly, development speed has significantly increased in most of the agile software development projects, resulting in a shorter time-to-market. Especially in the context of radical innovations for technical systems, manufacturing companies are striving for approaches to optimize their development processes in a similar direction. Traditional plan-oriented development approaches such as VDI 2221 or Cooper’s Stage-Gate Process turn out to be insufficiently customer oriented, too inflexible and project duration is usually too long to reach an adequate time-to-market. For that reason, a large community in academia and industrial practice is developing and implementing approaches to adapt agile software development practices for the development of technical systems. However, a current study in industrial practice reveals that out of 23 objectives, that are expected when introducing agile development processes to technical systems, the three objectives mentioned above, show the largest negative deviations from expected benefit to realized benefit. Therefore, the overall goal of this research is to address these gaps by developing an explicit methodological approach for an agile development of technical systems. It turns out, that mainly the role of prototyping and the way product specifications are handled during the development process change significantly in the course of introducing agility to development of technical systems. Agile practitioners strive to not necessarily define product specifications comprehensively upfront, as it is postulated in plan-oriented development processes. In contrast, product specifications, which are of major importance to the overall development project, are specified and validated with customers and other stakeholders in early prototypes. Therefore, prototypes are realized in a defined cadence throughout the development process to gradually specify and validate the product. However, the way product specifications are prioritized and selected in the development of technical systems has to differ substantially from the general way Scrum or other existing agile development processes propose. That is because technical systems are characterized by multiple technical interrelations, resulting in informational dependencies for the development process. For that reason, a prioritization along criteria such as customer value, development effort and risk seems too narrow in the context of technical systems. In fact, the prioritization of product specifications has to consider both, the value being generated by their realization as well as the informational dependencies towards other specifications. Furthermore, when designing a prototype, time constraints need to be particularly considered due to lead times in parts delivery and prototype production. Therefore, this paper introduces a methodology to prioritize and select technical design parameters in agile development processes. The methodology can be applied in the cyclical sprint planning that aims at defining the scope of the next prototype to be developed. As outlined above, the major paradigms of value generation, informational dependencies as well as lead-time and effort are crucial when adapting agile for technical systems and are consequently implemented in the methodology. These paradigms are operationalized to explicitly address the mentioned major objectives of agile development processes, which are currently showing are large gap between expected benefit and realized benefit in industrial practice. The methodology is applied to the real development process of an RGB laser light source for digital cinema projectors, which is summarized as a case study in the paper. Insights from this application are equally discussed as the resulting next steps in further developing and aligning the methodology to the needs of industrial practice.

Many companies are facing the challenge to extend their degree of external product differentiation whilst reducing internal complexity and costs due to increased economies of scale. Therefore, companies often develop modular product platforms. Initially, they were applied by the automotive industry but since have been exploited to various other industries, e.g. machinery and plant engineering. Based on a modular product platform a number of product variants and product generations can be efficiently derived. However, a simple transfer of the automotive approach to other cases of application is more likely to miss the full potential as well as the targets of a modular product platform. Taking into consideration that a company-specific platform concept is dependent on the influences of the environment the company interacts with, there is no universally applicable solution when it comes to modular product platforms. Hence, modular product platform concepts in industrial practice vary depending on the exogenous circumstances and individually targeted benefits, pursued by the initiative. However, at a certain level of abstraction, modular platform concepts, regardless of individual circumstances or targets, remain comparable through features describing the conceptual structuring. Therefore, the conceptual design of a modular product platform can be described by generally valid and discrete Conceptual Structural Features. From a development perspective, these features and their respective characteristics represent the conceptual design options addressing a company’s individual circumstances and targets. From a retrospective point of view, the features and their respective characteristics can equally be employed to compare existing modular product platform concepts across a vast range of industries and applications with respect to the individual target system. In this paper, seven essential Conceptual Structural Features and associated characteristics are identified. After defining the relevant terminology and reviewing adjacent fields of research, this paper focuses on a broad literature review in the field of Conceptual Structural Features of modular product platforms. A trinomial approach is used to extract the variety of different Conceptual Structural Features. In addition to the derivation of these features from different conceptual approaches for the development of a modular product platform, features of procedure induced design as well as classifying features are identified as relevant Conceptual Structural Features. Companies that configure the identified Conceptual Structural Features concerning their exogenous circumstances and individually targeted benefits are more likely to increase their level of target achievement. After the identification of Conceptual Structural Features, future research focuses on the development of a method for a context and target compliant development of a modular product platform structuring concept. Hence, companies are enabled to proactively configure the identified Conceptual Structural Features during the early development stage according to the individual platform target system as well as to the exogenous circumstances. Moreover, the results of this paper facilitate a cross-industry discussion on a comparable basis in the form of the identified Conceptual Structural Features among companies applying a modular product platform approach.