VM may cause transient changes in IOP, optic disc morphology, and anterior chamber parameters.

ype II diabetes mellitus (DM) has become worldwide epidemic. By 2025, it is estimated that global prevalence will be approximately 380 million for type 2 DM.1,2 It is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia and affects the corneal epithelium, epithelial basement membrane complexes, stroma and endothelial cells. [3][4][5] Investigators showed that diabetes causes corneal morphology and endothelium abnormalities and it may cause physiological instability in In this prospective comparative-observational study, we investigated right eyes of 40 patients (40 eyes) with uncontrolled type 2 DM as study group and right eyes of 43 healthy control subjects (43 eyes). Central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal endothelial parameters including endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation of cell area (CV) and percentage of hexagonal cells were examined using non-contact specular microscopy. All obtained data were compared statistically between groups. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : The study group had significantly increased mean CCT and reduced mean ECD values when compared with control group. The diabetic corneas also had higher percentage of CV in cell size and lower percentage of hexagonal cells than the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : The CCT was increased and ECD was reduced significantly in uncontrolled type II DM patients. This study also demonstrated that study group had higher percentage of CV in cell size and had lower percentage of hexagonal cells. K Ke ey yw wo or rd ds s: : Corneal endothelium; central corneal thickness; uncontrolled type II diabetes; specular microscopy Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Kontrolsüz tip 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) hastalarında ve sağlıklı gönüllülerde santral kornea kalınlığı (SKK) ve kornea endotel parametrelerinin karşılaştırılması. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Bu prospektif karşılaştırmalı-gözlemsel çalışmada kontrolsüz tip 2 DM'si olan 40 hastanın sağ gözü (40 göz) ve 43 sağlıklı gönüllünün sağ gözü (43 göz) incelendi. Santral kornea kalınlığı (SKK) ve endotel hücre yoğunluğu (EHY), hücre alanı varyasyon katsayısı ve hekzagonalite yüzdesini içeren kornea endotel parametreleri temassız speküler mikroskop ile değerlendirildi. Elde edilen veriler iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Kontrol grubu ile kıyaslandığında çalışma grubunun ortalama SKK'ı anlamlı olarak artmış, ortalama EHY'si anlamlı olarak azalmıştı. Kontrolsüz diyabetli grupta hücre alanı varyasyon katsayısı daha yüksekti ve hekzagonalite yüzdesi daha düşüktü fakat istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit edilmedi. S So on nu uç ç: : Kontrolsüz tip 2 DM'li hastalarda SKK anlamlı olarak artmış ve EHY anlamlı olarak azalmıştır. Çalışmamızda DM'li grupta daha yüksek oranda hücre alanı varyasyon katsayısı ve daha düşük oranda hekzagonal hücre izlenmiştir.A An na ah h t ta ar r K Ke e l li i m me e l le er r: : Kornea endoteli; santral kornea kalınlığı; kontrols...

The objective of this study is to compare pain and discomfort scores of patients during 23-G vitreoretinal surgery under topical and retrobulbar anesthesia without using sedation. A total of 157 patients with various vitreoretinal disorders were included in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: topical (group 1, n = 76) and retrobulbar anesthesia (group 2, n = 81). Patients underwent 23-G vitreoretinal surgery without using sedation. All patients rated the level of experienced pain during the surgical procedure using a visual analogue pain scale. Pain and discomfort scores while performing anesthesia were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1 (p < 0.001). Patients in group 1 experienced more pain than group 2 during trocar insertion, endolaser photocoagulation, and scleral indentation steps of surgery (for all; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in overall pain and discomfort scores and surgeon comfort scores between groups (p = 0.163, p = 0.097; respectively). None of the patients required additional anesthesia or sedation during or after the procedure. Topical anesthesia without using sedation is a safe and effective, alternative method for 23-G vitreoretinal surgeries in selected patients with various vitreoretinal pathologies.

Vitamin D level in participants with pterygium was significantly increased only in men and in those with more outdoor activity.

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