The great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has been a potential threat for Turkey and the entire Eurasian spruce forests for many years. Control strategies which have been applied so far are still insufficient to prevent its damage. A previous study has shown that a Beauveria isolate (ARSEF 9271) proved to be an efficient microbial control agent against the great spruce bark beetle. In this study, this isolate was identified as B. pseudobassiana based on the partial sequence of EF1-a and ITS sequence. A conidial suspension (1 9 10 8 / ml) of this fungus caused 100% mortality on both larvae and adults of D. micans within 5 and 6 days, respectively. Also, it caused 100% mycosis value on both larvae and adults. Mortality values of horizontal transmission experiments between larvae and adults which were contaminated with 1 9 10 6 /ml spore suspension at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% rates were determined as 100% after 15 days at 20°C under the laboratory conditions. We also determined the decrease of the damage in spruce wood block (15 9 25 cm) when the contamination rate of the larvae was increased. Our results indicate that B. pseudobassiana ARSEF 9271 seems to be a very promising biocontrol agent against D. micans.

IntroductionCoastal zones, considered to be a valuable economic and environmental resource for human and marine habitats, are the most dynamic natural environment of any region on earth. Changes in the ocean-climate system and increasing human activities in these regions make the coastal areas more susceptible to natural hazards and more costly to live in. One of the most serious problems is the accelerated sea level rise and its resulting physical impacts on the coastal zones. Any rise in the mean sea level may result in the retreat of unprotected coastlines due to coastal inundation, erosion, and increased storm flooding (Nicholls et al. 1995). As emphasized in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4), the global sea level rose by 1.8 to 3.1 mm/year during the last century and present estimates of future rise range from 18 cm to 59 cm by the year 2100 (Solomon et al. 2007). Low lying areas such as beach ridges, coastal plains, deltas, estuaries, lagoons, and bays would be the areas that would suffer the most as a result of the enhanced sea level rise. Thus, it is essential to quantify the response of coastal systems to sea level change, as well as to assess the potential threats posed to human and marine biodiversity.A near global comparative analysis by Dasgupta et al. (2007) regarding the impact of permanent inundation due to sea level rise on 84 developing countries revealed that hundreds of millions of people in the developing world are likely to be displaced by a sea level rise of 1 to 5 m within this century. Accompanying economic and ecological damage will be severe for many. Approximately 0.3% (194,000 km 2 ) of the territory of the 84 developing countries would be impacted by a 1-m rise. This would increase to 1.2% in areas where the sea level rose 5 m. Nearly 56 million people (approximately 1.28% of the population) in these countries would be impacted under a 1-m rise scenario. This would increase to 89 million people for 2 m and 245 million people (approximately 5.57%) for a 5-m rise. The impact of sea level rise on gross domestic product (GDP) is slightly greater than the impact on population, because GDP per capita is generally above average for coastal populations and cities. Wetlands would experience significant impact even with a 1-m rise. Up to 7.3% of wetlands in the 84 countries would be impacted Abstract: With the rising sea level becoming a more pressing issue to coastal areas, a comprehensive analysis has been conducted to assess the vulnerability of the Çukurova Delta under the projected inundation by the end of the century. The level of inundation was estimated from a multimission satellite altimetry sea level anomaly and significant wave height data between September 1992 and February 2012. Superposed to the clear annual oscillation with 6.2 cm amplitude peaking around the beginning of October, the mean sea level signal exhibits a positive trend of 3.4 ± 0.1 mm/year over the altimetric data period. The extreme wave height with a 100-year ...

Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) and I. typographus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are considered to be important destructive pests of coniferous forests in Europe and Asia. In this study, the efficacy of Beauveria pseudobassiana strain ARSEF 9271 isolated from Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was evaluated against I. sexdentatus and I. typographus adults. Insects were treated with different conidial concentrations of the fungus to determine the virulence. A conidial suspension of 1 × 10 8 conidia mL -1 caused 100% mortality in both I. sexdentatus and I. typographus within 5 and 7 days, respectively. Additionally, 100% mycosis was obtained in the concentration-response experiments for both insects. LC 50 values of the fungus were calculated as 3.94 × 10 4 conidia mL -1 and 1.32 × 10 4 conidia mL -1 for I. sexdentatus and I. typographus, respectively. I. sexdentatus and I. typographus adults were also inoculated with a conidial suspension of 1 × 10 6 conidia mL -1 at inoculation rates of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% to determine the horizontal transmission of the fungus. Mortality values from horizontal transmission experiments were determined as 100% at all rates after 15 days at 20 °C under laboratory conditions. Our results indicate that B. pseudobassiana ARSEF 9271 is a promising microbial control agent against the tested Ips species and can horizontally spread among a population of both I. sexdentatus and I. typographus.