Core–shell gold nanorod (AuNR)@silver (Ag) nanostructures with their unique properties have gained enormous interest and are widely utilized in various applications including sensor systems, catalytic reactions, diagnosis, and therapy. Despite the recent progress, simple, effective, low-cost, and easy-to-tune strategies are heavily required to fabricate these nanoparticles (NP) systems. For this, we propose the employment of the polymer of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) as a ligand molecule. A conformal thin layer of polymer of L-DOPA (PLDOPA) with its various functional groups enabled the reduction of silver ions onto the AuNRs and stabilization of the resultant NPs without using any surfactant, reducing agent, and seed material. The shape and growth model of the AuNR@Ag nanostructures was manipulated by simply tuning the amount of silver ions. This procedure created different NP morphologies ranging from concentric to acentric/island shape core–shell nanostructures. Also, even at the highest Ag deposition, the PLDOPA layer is still conformally present onto the Au@Ag core–shell NRs. The unique properties of NP systems provided remarkable characteristics in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, catalytic activity, and cell viability tests.

The objective of this study is to examine the direct effects of low doses and high doses of e-viniferin, a substance known to be an antioxidant, and vincristine sulphate, a chemotherapeutic agent, alone and in combination [e-viniferin ? vincristine] on HepG2 cell strain, as well as evaluate oxidative stress after incubation periods of 3, 6, and 24 h. Direct effect was determined right after the incubation period; however, for protective effect, antioxidant protection response was determined after the treatment for 1 h with 500 lM H 2 O 2 , which is an oxidative stressor. For this purpose, superoxide dismutase was determined for enzyme activity, and lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) and reduced glutathione concentrations were studied as indicators of oxidative stress. Results show that low [3.63 lM vincristine ? 3.75 lM e-viniferin] and high [11.25 lM vincristine ? 15.8 lM e-viniferin] doses of combination groups showed similar direct antioxidant effect on LPO levels as protective when compared to the H 2 O 2 control group (p \ 0.05). Superoxide dismutase enzyme showed a direct antioxidant effect in low and high dose combination groups. In addition, when the incubation period was increased to 24 h, a protective effect was observed in both dose groups (p \ 0.05). Reduced glutathione activities showed a direct effect in the low dose combination group, and a protective effect in both the low and high doses in the 24 h. These results show that combined usage of drugs in HepG2 cell strain possesses a protective effect against exogenically produced oxidative stress conditions.