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The power loss (Pcv) was analyzed by combining two methods. The first, Pcv, is divided into hysteresis loss (Ph) and residual loss (Pr) from the frequency dependence of the power loss according to the method of Otsuki et al., and, second, the loss factors are attributed to domain wall motion (Pw) and the rotation magnetization (Prot) by adapting the method proposed by Visser et al. It was found that Pw coincides with Ph in the lower frequency range, but the difference between them becomes significant as frequency goes up. The higher value of Pw, in comparison with Ph in the higher frequency range, can be attributed to the enhancement of loss due to the dynamic motion of the domain wall (Pwd) by raising the frequency. The hysteresis loss dominates Pcv in the frequency range below 500 kHz, while Pwd becomes predominant factor in the higher frequency range more than 500 kHz.

Zinc oxide surge arresters using zinc oxide (ZnO) elements have been widely used for insulation coordination in the world power systems. These ZnO elements have basically reference voltage of about 200 V/mm. Recently, new ZnO elements having about 1.5, 2 times high voltage gradient zinc oxide element have been developed. This paper describes applications of high voltage gradient 300 V/mm ZnO elements to high performance porcelain type surge arresters and oil immersed surge arresters, and 300 V/mm or 400 V/mm ZnO elements to gas insulated tank type surge arresters for power system. Adequate selection of voltage gradient of ZnO elements makes more compact design of the surge arresters.

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