While investigating high-eficiency responsive driveability accompanied by low exhaust emissions, a new concept in engine control has been developed. The method is based on the direct monitoring and controlling of combustion conditions in engines, using a newly developed combustion pressure sensor. Fibre-optic technology is adapted to this sensor to produce a high noise immunity and a simple structure that facilitates applications in automotive engines. A sensing method to obtain information on engine output, knocking or detonation and the combustion temperature from the signal of the combustion pressure sensor has been proposed. A control system for the engine and powertrain control using this sensing method has been put forth to provide a remarkable improvement in engine and powertrain characteristics.

Component ProblemSince the late 1970's the microcomputer has been introduced and rapidly expanded to various kinds of vehicle electronics applications. This technology has been utilized to provide automobiles which not only have higher performance but also run more smoothly and cleanly.Microcomputer technology has also entered vehicle entertainment systems such as TV, mobile phone, VCR, and many other applications. Vehicle electronic packaging problems have developed as a result of this rapid expansion in vehicle microcomputer usage. Such problems include: size limitations, wire harness weight, wire harness complexity, connector size, electronic module packaging, and numerous other problems.This paper provides historical packaging technology issues including system integration, hybrid IC module technology, and CAE reliability analysis for extreme conditions.

The importance of spirituality in patient care is well recognized and efforts to develop educational opportunities to improve medical students’ competency in spirituality and health are ongoing. In this regard, shadowing of healthcare chaplains has emerged as an experiential approach for providing exposure to and instruction in issues of spirituality in the patient experience and in patient care. Recently published data suggest that a 6-8 hour experience of shadowing a trauma chaplain is effective at introducing first-year medical students to healthcare chaplaincy, difficult spiritual conversations with patients and families, and interprofessional collaboration. As a follow-up to these data, this study provides a qualitative analysis of student reflections written immediately after their shadowing experience with the goal of further characterizing the educational impact of trauma chaplain shadowing. Qualitative analysis of 90 anonymous, student reflections indicated that trauma chaplain shadowing was an experience that provided insights about nature of chaplaincy, enabled opportunities to closely observe the relational skills of chaplains, allowed students to bear witness to suffering, fostered growth toward a professional identity, and facilitated recognition of shortcomings in medical education and clinical medicine. These data therefore provide further evidence of the value of chaplain shadowing in not only enhancing students’ understanding of various dimensions of spirituality and medicine but also in promoting their development of a strong physician identity.

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