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With the information age, businesses have accepted the importance of intangible resources rather than material resources and have produced new approaches in this field. In order to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital, one of these approaches, and human resources practices and education, a literature review has been conducted. This study demonstrated that there is a strong connection between them.

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This paper investigates the contribution of foreign portfolio investment (FPI) to firms' technical efficiency and total factor productivity by applying two empirical methodologies over a sample of firms. In the study, panel data is from 45 small businesses (small and medium-sized enterprises, SMEs) in Turkey were observed between 2006 and 2010 years. We will analyze the effects of foreign portfolio investment by using the data on businesses in the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE). To measure efficiencies of these units, data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and Malmquist total factor productivity indexes (MTFP) are used.Key words: Foreign portfolio investment, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) financial performance, data envelopment analysis (DAE), Malmquist total factor productivity indexes (MTFP).

Expressing the digitalization of industry in today's world which is rapidly developing day by day, Industry 4.0 is accepted as the most important technology revolution of our time. This shows that a new era in production has started and the industry has been digitized. In order to adapt to this change, companies should actively follow the innovations and shape the organizational structure accordingly. However, if this is the case, we can respond to the expectations of the current period. That is why it is necessary to activate Industry 4.0 after learning all aspects of it and to develop marketing strategies that can adapt to this digital age. In today's competitive environment, it is inevitable to act integrated into this new situation. This study is designed to emphasize how important it is to identify Industry 4.0 and the most heavily affected marketing strategies from it. It is also a review of the conceptual explanation of Industry 4.0 and the importance of advances in new technologies.